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Metonymy

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[[Metonymy]] is usually defined as a trope in which a term is used to denote an [[object]] which it does not literally refer to, but with which it is closely linked.{{Top}}métonymie{{Bottom}}
===Linguistic Definition===[[Metonymy]] is usually defined as a [[trope]] in which a term is used to denote an [[object]] which it does not literally refer to, but with which it is closely linked. This link may be one of [[physical ]] contiguity, but not necessarily.
===Roman Jakobson===
However, [[Lacan]]'s use of the term owes little to this definition apart from the [[notion]] of contiguity, since it is inspired by the [[work]] of [[Roman Jakobson]], who established an opposition between [[metonymy]] and [[metaphor]].<ref>[[Roman Jakobson|Jakobson, Roman]]. "Two aspects of language and two types of aphasic disturbances," ''Selected Writings'', vol. II, ''[[Word]] and Language'', The [[Hague]]: Mouton, 1971 [1956]., p. 21.</ref>
==Roman Jakobson=Metonymic Axis of Language===HoweverFollowing [[Jakobson]], [[Lacan]]'s use of the term owes little to this definition apart from the notion of contiguity, since it is inspired by the work of [[Roman Jakobsonlinks]], who established an opposition between [[metonymy]] and to the combinatorial axis of [[metaphorlanguage]], as opposed to the [[substitutive]] axis.<ref>Jakobson 1956</ref>
Following [[Jakobson]]===Diachronic Dimension of Signifying Chain===In his most detailed work on the subject, [[Lacan]] links defines [[metonymy]] to as the combinatorial axis of [[languagediachrony|diachronic]], as opposed to the substitutive axis.<ref>(For example, in the sentence 'I am happy,' the relation between the words 'I' one [[signifier]] and 'am' is a metonymic relation, whereas [[another]] in the possibility of substituting 'sad' for 'happy' depends on the metaphoric relation between these two terms[[signifying chain]].)</ref>
===Metonymy and Versus Metaphor===In his most detailed work on [[Metonymy]] thus concerns the subject, ways in which [[signifier]]s can be combined / linked in a single [[Lacansignifying chain]] defines ("horizontal" relations), whereas [[metonymymetaphor]] as concerns the ways in which a [[diachrony|diachronicsignifier]] relation between in one [[signifying chain]] may be substituted for a [[signifier]] in another [[chain]] ("vertical" relations). Together, [[metaphor]] and another [[metonymy]] constitute the way in the which [[signifying chainsignification]]is produced.
[[Metonymy]] thus concerns the ways in which [[signifier]]s can be combined/linked in a single [[signifying chain ('horizontal' relations), whereas [[metaphor]] concerns the ways in which a [[signifier]] in one [[signifying chain]] may be substituted for a [[signifier]] in another chain ('vertical' relations). Together, [[metaphor]] and [[metonymy]] constitute the way in which [[signification]]s is produced. ===Formula of for Metonymy===[[Lacan]] provides a [[formula ]] for [[metonymy]].<ref>{{E}} p.164</ref>
[[Image:Lacan-metonymy.jpg|center]]
This formula is to be read as follows. On the lefthand side of the equation, outside the brackets, [[Lacan]] writes '''<i>f</i>''' '''S''', the signifying function, which is to say the effect of [[signification]]. Inside the brackets he writes '''S . . . S'''', the link between one [[signifier]] and another in a [[signifying chain]]. On the righthand side of the equation there is '''S''', the [[signifier]], and ( '''--''' ), the [[bar]] of the [[Saussure]]ean [[sign|algorithm]]. The [[sign]] = is to be read "is congruent with.":
Thus On the whole formula reads: lefthand side of the [[algebra|equation]], [[outside]] the brackets, [[Lacan]] writes '''<i>f</i>''' '''S''', the [[paternal function|signifying function]], which is to say the effect of [[signification]]. [[Inside]] the brackets he writes '''S . . . S'''', the link between one [[signifier]] and another in a [[signifying chain]].
<blockquote>"On the signifying function righthand side of the connection of [[algebra|equation]] there is '''S''', the [[signifier with ]], and ('''---'''), the signifier is congruent with maintenance [[bar]] of the bar[[Saussure]]ean [[sign|algorithm]]." The [[sign]] <b>=</blockquoteb>is to be read "is congruent with."
The formula is meant to illustrate [[Lacan]]'s thesis that in [[metonymy]] ===Formula for Metonymy - Summary===Thus the [[resistancewhole]] of [[signification]] is maintained, the [[bar]] is not crossed, no new [[signified]] is produced.formula reads:
==Contexts==[[Lacan]] puts his concept <blockquote>"The signifying function of [[metonymy]] to use in a variety the connection of contextsthe signifier with the signifier is congruent with maintenance of the bar."</blockquote>
=== Metonymy and Desire===The formula is meant to illustrate [[Lacan]] presents 's [[thesis]] that in [[metonymy]] as a the [[diachrony|diachronicresistance]] movement from one of [[signifiersignification]] to another along is maintained, the [[signifying chainbar]]is not crossed, as one no new [[signifiersignified]] constantly refer sto another in a perpetual deferral of meaningis produced.
===Contexts===[[DesireLacan]] is also characterized by exactly the same never-ending process of continual deferral; since puts his [[desireconcept]] is always "Desire for something else,"<ref>{{E}} p.167</ref> as soon as the of [[objectmetonymy]] to use in a variety of [[desire]] is attained, it is no longer desirable, and the [[subject]]'s [[desire]] fixes on another [[object]]contexts.
Thus ===Metonymy and Desire===[[Lacan]] writes that "desire ''is'' presents [[metonymy]] as a [[diachrony|diachronic]] movement from one [[signifier]] to another along the [[signifying chain]], as one [[signifier]] constantly refers to another in a metonymy."<ref>{{E}} pperpetual [[deferred action|deferral]] of [[signification|meaning]].175</ref>
== Metonymy and Displacement==[[LacanDesire]] is also follows characterized by exactly the same never-ending [[Jakobsonprocess]] in linking the of continual [[metaphordeferred action|deferral]]-; since [[metonymydesire]] distinction to is always "desire for something else,"<ref>{{E}} p. 167</ref> as soon as the mechanisms [[object]] of [[desire]] is attained, it is no longer desirable, and the [[dream worksubject]]'s [[desire]] fixes on another [[object]] described by . Thus [[FreudLacan]]writes that "desire ''is'' a metonymy."<ref>{{E}} p.175</ref>
===Metonymy and Displacement===[[Lacan]] also follows [[Jakobson]] in linking the [[metaphor]]-[[metonymy]] [[distinction]] to the mechanisms of the [[dream work]] described by [[Freud]]. However, he differs from [[Jakobson]] over the precise [[nature ]] of this link. Just as [[displacement]] is logically prior to [[condensation]], so [[metonymy]] is the condition for [[metaphor]], because "the coordination of [[signifiers]] has to be possible before transferences of the signified are able to take [[place]]."<ref>{{S3}} p. 229</ref>
Just as ==See Also=={{See}}* [[displacementBar]] is logically prior to * [[condensationDesire]], so ||* [[metonymyDisplacement]] is the condition for * [[metaphorLanguage]], because "the coordination of signifiers has to be possible before transferences of the signified are able to take place."<ref>{{S3}} p.229</ref>  == See Also ==||
* [[Metaphor]]
* [[Signification]]||* [[Signifier]]* [[Signifying chain]]{{Also}}
== References ==
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[[Category:Concepts]]
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