In his article on "The Taboo of Virginity" (1918a) and on the subject of man's "narcissistic rejection" of woman because of his castration complex, Freud isolated for the first time a particular reaction that he later saw as the driving force behind racism. He wrote "the practice of taboos we have described testifies to the existence of a force which opposes love by rejecting women as strange and hostile. Crawley, in language which differs only slightly from the current terminology of psychoanalysis, declares that each individual is separated from the others by a 'taboo of personal isolation,' and that it is precisely the minor differences in people who are otherwise alike that form the basis of feelings of strangeness and hostility between them. It would be tempting to pursue this idea and to derive from this 'narcissism of minor differences' the hostility which in every human relation we see fighting successfully against feelings of fellowship and overpowering the commandment that all men should love one another" (p. 199).
He returned to this idea without naming it in Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego (1921c) when discussing hostile sentiments with regard to whatever is strange: "In the undisguised antipathies and aversions which people feel towards strangers with whom they have to do we may recognize the expression of self-love—of narcissism. This self-love works for the preservation of the individual, and behaves as though the occurrence of any divergence from his own particular lines of development involved a criticism of them and a demand for their alteration. We do not know why such sensitiveness should have been directed to just these details of differentiation" (p. 102).
Not until Civilization and its Discontents did Freud give the notion the full meaning that it has today: In his article on "It is always possible to bind together a considerable number The [[Taboo]] of people in love, so long as there are other people left over to receive the manifestations of their aggressiveness. I once discussed the phenomenon that it is precisely communities with adjoining territories, Virginity"<ref>1918a</ref> and related to each other in other ways as well, who are engaged in constant feuds and in ridiculing each other—Germans and South Germans, the English and the Scotch, and so on. I gave this phenomenon the name [[subject]] of [[man]'the narcissism s "narcissistic rejection" of [[woman]] because of minor differenceshis [[castration complex]],' [[Freud]] isolated for the first [[time]] a name which does not do much to explain it. We can now see [[particular]] reaction that it is a convenient and relatively harmless satisfaction of he later saw as the inclination to aggression, by means of which cohesion between the members of the community is made easier. In this respect the Jewish people, scattered everywhere, have rendered most useful services to the civilizations of the countries that have been their hosts" (1930a driving force behind [[1929racism]], p. 114).
After Freud He wrote:<blockquote>"the notion entered psychoanalytic discourse without much further study. Otto Fenichel [[practice]] of taboos we have described it testifies to the [[existence]] of a force which opposes [[love]] by rejecting [[women]] as a stumbling block in identification with the other that is destined to surpass strange and hostile sentiments (1934). The idea is mentioned Crawley, in other papers to illustrate incomprehension between adults and adolescents or disagreements between psychoanalysts despite their belonging to [[language]] which differs only slightly from the same group. Glen O. Gabbard in On Hate in Love Relationships: The Narcissism current terminology of Minor Differences Revisited presented [[psychoanalysis]], declares that each [[individual]] is separated from the most thorough study [[others]] by a 'taboo of personal [[isolation]],' and that it. Gabbard stresses the experience of disappointment when, in spite of is precisely the aspiration for similarity, we find minor differences in [[people]] who are otherwise alike that [[form]] the loved object, basis of [[feelings]] of strangeness and he links hostility between [[them]]. It would be tempting to pursue this disappointment [[idea]] and to preoedipal and oedipal experiences that punctuate derive from this 'narcissism of minor differences' the processes hostility which in every [[human]] relation we see fighting successfully against feelings of separation fellowship and autonomyoverpowering the commandment that all men should love one [[another]]."<ref>p.199</ref></blockquote>
With He returned to this idea without naming it in Group [[Psychology]] and the [[Analysis]] of the Ego (1921c) when discussing hostile sentiments with [[regard]] to whatever is strange: <blockquote>"In the exception undisguised antipathies and aversions which people feel towards strangers with whom they have to do we may recognize the expression of this last work[[self]]-love—of narcissism. This self-love works for the preservation of the individual, and behaves as though the occurrence of any divergence from his own particular lines of [[development]] involved a criticism of them and a [[demand]] for their alteration. We do not [[know]] why such sensitiveness should have been directed to just these details of differentiation."<ref>p. 102</ref></blockquote> Not until [[Civilization and its Discontents]] did [[Freud]] give the [[notion ]] the [[full]] [[meaning]] that it has been used essentially today: <blockquote>"It is always possible to [[bind]] together a considerable [[number]] of people in love, so long as there are [[other]] people [[left]] over to explain receive the manifestations of their [[aggressiveness]]. I once discussed the hate relations phenomenon that develop between humans or groups it is precisely communities with adjoining territories, and related to each other in other ways as well, who are engaged in constant feuds and in ridiculing each other—Germans and South Germans, the [[English]] and the Scotch, and so on. I gave this phenomenon the [[name]] of 'the narcissism of humans minor differences,' a name which does not do much to explain it. We can now see thatit is a convenient and relatively harmless [[satisfaction]] of the inclination to [[aggression]], by all appearancesmeans of which [[cohesion]] between the members of the [[community]] is made easier. In this respect the [[Jewish]] people, scattered everywhere, have rendered most useful services to the civilizations of the countries that have been their hosts."<ref>1930a [1929], p. 114</ref></blockquote> After [[Freud]] the notion entered [[psychoanalytic]] [[discourse]] without much in commonfurther study.
==See Also==
==References==
<references/>
# [[Freud, Sigmund]]. (1918a). The taboo of virginity. SE, 11: 191-208.# ——. (1921c). [[Group psychology ]] and the analysis of the ego. SE, 18: 65-143.
# ——. (1930a [1929]). Civilization and its discontents. SE, 21: 57-145.
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