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[[German ]] psychiatrists in the 19th century employed the term paraphrenia, derived from the Greek para (beyond) and phrēn ([[mind]]), as a nonspecific term for [[madness]]. In 1863 Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum used paraphrenia hebetica to designate a degenerative malady of [[puberty]], later known as hebephrenia.

Emil Kraepelin, in the eighth edition of [[Dementia ]] Praecox and Paraphrenia (1919), which was published in four volumes beginning in 1908, proposed paraphrenia to designate chronic delirious [[psychoses ]] unaccompanied by [[intellectual ]] decline; he suggested four different [[clinical ]] types: systematica, expansiva, confabulans, and phantasica.

[[Freud ]] believed paraphrenia to be a more properly descriptive term than [[schizophrenia]], the term Eugen Bleuler suggested to replace Kraepelin's dementia praecox. He used it for the first [[time ]] in his "[[Psycho]]-[[Analytic ]] [[Notes ]] on an Autobiographical Account of a [[Case ]] of [[Paranoia ]] (Dementia Paranoides)" (1911c). Although Bleuler's term became prevalent, Freud employed paraphrenia again in "The Disposition to [[Obsessional ]] [[Neurosis]]: a Contribution to the Problem of [[Choice ]] of Neurosis" (1913i) and in "On [[Narcissism]], an Introduction" (1914c). Subsequently it came up again twice, first in the Introductory Lectures on Psycho-[[Analysis ]] (1916-17a) and in the second published version of "The Disposition to [[Obsessional Neurosis]]." Strangely enough, the term did not surface at all in the long [[discussion ]] of the mechanisms of schizophrenia in the metapsychological article on "The [[Unconscious]]" (1915e), nor in "A Case of Paranoia Running Counter to the Psycho-Analytic [[Theory ]] of the Disease" (1915f). It was also [[missing ]] from the two articles on "Neurosis and [[Psychosis]]" (1924b) and "The [[Loss ]] of [[Reality ]] in Neurosis and Psychosis" (1924e).

It is difficult to [[understand ]] why Bleuler's term became preferred usage, although certainly this was due in part to the [[notion ]] of "[[split]]" (schizo). However, although paraphrenia did not gain currency, on a nosological level Freud's reasoning, as developed particularly in the [[Schreber ]] case, was quite remarkable and in line with his earlier attempts at diagnostic precision concerning neurosis. Freud maintained in effect that paranoia must be viewed as a clinical type distinct from schizophrenia, even if the overall clinical picture is complicated by [[schizophrenic]]-like characteristics. The two [[conditions ]] can be distinguished by the central [[obsession ]] and by a different [[mechanism ]] of [[symptom ]] [[formation]].

* [[Hypochondria]]; * Introductory Lectures on [[Psychoanalysis]];

* "[[On Narcissism]], An Introduction"; * [[Paranoid ]] psychosis; * [[Psychoanalytic ]] nosography; * [[Psychoses, chronic and delusional]];

* [[Freud, Sigmund]]. (1911c). Psycho-analytic notes on an autobiographical account of a case of paranoia (dementia paranoides). SE, 12: 1-82.* ——. (1913i). The disposition to [[obsessional neurosis]]: a contribution to the problem of choice of neurosis. SE, 12: 311-326.