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Parapraxis

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In [[psychoanalytic theory]], a [[bungled action ]] such as a [[slip of the tongue ]] whose [[goal ]] is not achieved and which is replaced by another.Like symptoms, parapraxes are interpreted by [[Freudanother]] as compromise formations resulting from a conflict between conscious intentions and repressed feelings or impulses.
Like [[symptom]]s, [[parapraxes]] are [[interpret]]ed by [[Freud]] as [[compromise formation]]s resulting from a [[conflict]] between [[conscious]] [[intentions]] and [[repressed]] [[feeling]]s or impulses.
A [[parapraxis ]] is an [[act ]] that appears to be [[unintentional ]] but can be [[understood]], through [[psychoanalytic ]] exploration, to be perfectly motivated and unconsciously [[unconscious]]ly determined. A brief and delimited disturbance that may be spontaneously explained as the result of chance or inattention, a parapraxis may be readily perceived by its initiator or by a third party to be a "mistake."
Parapraxes include a wide range A brief and delimited [[disturbance]] that may be spontaneously explained as the result of events, including failures of memory, slips of the tongue chance or peninattention, mistakes, and bungled or accidental acts. A a [[parapraxis cannot ]] may be explained readily perceived by its initiator or by referring to the nature of the "slip" itself, but psychoanalytic hypotheses make it possible for it a [[third]] party to be described simultaneously as a "mistake and not a mistake, depending on one's point of view."
[[Parapraxes interested Freud as early as 1890. In letters to Wilhelm Fliess, he created ]] include a virtual collection wide range of examples communicated to him by correspondents. Parapraxes representedevents, in factincluding failures of [[memory]], an important demonstration slips of disturbances created by the unconscious. As opposed to dreams, parapraxes tend to require fewer biographical details while providing valuable evidence—indeed, often with comical effect—that offers a popular audience an easy way to grasp psychoanalysis. Furthermoretongue or pen, parapraxes constitute one of the pillars of the psychopathology of everyday life[[mistake]]s, which Freud considered necessary to understand mental pathology in a broader contextand [[bungled]] or accidental [[acts]].
Freud discusses parapraxes in two A [[parapraxis]] cannot be explained by referring to the [[nature]] of his major works: Psychopathology of Everyday Life (1901b) the "[[slip]]" itself, but [[psychoanalytic]] hypotheses make it possible for it to be described simultaneously as a [[mistake]] and Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis (1916-17a not a [[1915-17mistake]]), depending on one's point of view.
Beyond the anecdotal nature of many of the examples in these two works, parapraxes clearly raise an issue fundamental for psychoanalytic thought—namely, the link between psychic determinism and the unconscious. [[Parapraxes]] interested [[Freud was led to clarify his position toward the notion of "chance" (]] as discussed in the review Topique, 1997) early as differentiated from superstition: "I do not believe that an event in whose occurrence my mental life plays no part can teach me any hidden thing about the future shape of reality; but I believe that an unintentional manifestation of my own mental activity does on the other hand disclose something hidden, though again it is something that belongs only to my mental life [not to external reality]1890. I believe in external (real) chance, it is true, but not in internal (psychical) accidental events." (Freud, 1901b, p328)
In letters to [[Wilhelm Fliess]], he created a [[virtual]] collection of examples communicated to him by correspondents.  [[Parapraxes]] represented, in fact, an important demonstration of [[disturbance]]s created by the [[unconscious]].  As opposed to [[dream]]s, [[parapraxes]] tend to require fewer biographical details while providing valuable evidence—indeed, often with comical effect—that offers a popular audience an easy way to grasp [[psychoanalysis]].  Furthermore, [[parapraxes]] constitute one of the pillars of the [[psychopathology]] of everyday [[life]], which [[Freud]] considered necessary to [[understand]] [[mental]] [[pathology]] in a broader context. [[Freud]] discusses [[parapraxes]] in two of his major works: [[Psychopathology of Everyday Life]] (1901) and [[Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis]] (1915-17). Beyond the anecdotal nature of many of the examples in these two works, [[parapraxes]] clearly raise an issue fundamental for [[psychoanalytic]] [[thought]]—namely, the link between [[psychic]] [[determinism]] and the [[unconscious]].  [[Freud]] was led to clarify his [[position]] toward the [[notion]] of "chance" as differentiated from [[superstition]]:  <blockquote>"I do not believe that an event in whose occurrence my mental life plays no part can teach me any hidden [[thing]] [[about]] the [[future]] shape of [[reality]]; but I believe that an unintentional manifestation of my own mental [[activity]] does on the [[other]] hand disclose something hidden, though again it is something that belongs only to my mental life [not to [[external]] reality]. I believe in external ([[real]]) chance, it is [[true]], but not in [[internal]] ([[psychical]]) accidental events."<ref>Freud, 1901b, p328</ref></blockquote>  The link between [[parapraxes ]] and [[psychopathology]], moreover, is established, according to [[Freud]], uniquely through the fact that, in the [[case ]] of [[chance events ]] [[event]]s in a real [[world]], "slips" involve the most insignificant [[psychic events]] [[event]]s.  By contrast, [[neurotic symptoms ]] [[symptom]]s are related to the most important [[psychic ]] functions from both [[individual ]] and [[social ]] perspectives.  In both instances, however, the same [[processes ]] enable such symptoms [[symptom]]s to be understood, that is, as compromise formations [[formation]]s located between [[desire ]] and [[defense]], between a [[subject]]'s [[conscious ]] [[intention ]] and [[repression]].
==Lapsus==
Fault made by inadvertency consisting in substituting a [[word ]] for that which one wanted to say or write.
==References==
<references/>
* [[Freud, Sigmund]]. (1901b). The psychopathology of everyday life. SE,6.* ——. (1916-17a[1915-17]). Introductory lectures on [[psycho]]-[[analysis]]. SE, 15-16.
* Topique. (1997).
[[Category:Glossary]]
{{Encore}} p. 37''n''     : ''See also'' [[Category:GlossarySlips of the tongue]]
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