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In [[psychoanalytic theory]], a [[bungled action ]] such as a [[slip of the tongue ]] whose goal is not achieved and which is replaced by another.
Like symptoms[[symptom]]s, [[parapraxes ]] are interpreted [[interpret]]ed by [[Freud]] as [[compromise formations formation]]s resulting from a [[conflict ]] between [[conscious ]] [[intentions ]] and [[repressed feelings ]] [[feeling]]s or impulses.
A [[parapraxis]] is an [[act]] that appears to be [[unintentional]] but can be [[understood]], through [[psychoanalytic]] exploration, to be perfectly motivated and [[unconscious]]ly determined.
A parapraxis is an act brief and delimited [[disturbance]] that appears to may be unintentional but can spontaneously explained as the result of chance or inattention, a [[parapraxis]] may be understood, through psychoanalytic exploration, readily perceived by its initiator or by a third party to be perfectly motivated and unconsciously determineda "mistake. "
A [[parapraxis]] cannot be explained by referring to the nature of the "[[slip]]" itself, but [[psychoanalytic]] hypotheses make it possible for it to be described simultaneously as a [[mistake]] and not a [[mistake]], depending on one's point of view.
[[Parapraxes include a wide range of events, including failures of memory, slips of the tongue or pen, mistakes, and bungled or accidental acts]] interested [[Freud]] as early as 1890.
[[Parapraxes interested Freud as early as 1890]] represented, in fact, an important demonstration of [[disturbance]]s created by the [[unconscious]].
[[Freud discusses parapraxes in two of his major works: Psychopathology of Everyday Life (1901b) and Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis (1916-17a [1915-17]). Beyond the anecdotal nature of many of the examples in these two works, parapraxes clearly raise an issue fundamental for psychoanalytic thought—namely, the link between psychic determinism and the unconscious. Freud ] was led to clarify his position toward the notion of "chance" (as discussed in the review Topique, 1997) as differentiated from [[superstition]]:
<blockquote>"I do not believe that an event in whose occurrence my mental life plays no part can teach me any hidden thing about the future shape of reality; but I believe that an unintentional manifestation of my own mental activity does on the other hand disclose something hidden, though again it is something that belongs only to my mental life [not to external reality]. I believe in external (real) chance, it is true, but not in internal (psychical) accidental events."<ref>Freud, 1901b, p328</ref></blockquote>
The link between [[parapraxes]] and [[psychopathology]], moreover, is established, according to [[Freud]], uniquely through the fact that, in the case of [[chance]] [[event]]s in a real world, "slips" involve the most insignificant [[psychic]] [[event]]s.
In both instances, however, the same processes enable such symptoms [[symptom]]s to be understood, that is, as compromise formations [[formation]]s located between [[desire ]] and [[defense]], between a [[subject]]'s [[conscious ]] [[intention ]] and [[repression]].
