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=====Melanie Klein==========Child Development=====
According to [[Melanie Klein]], the [[infant]]'s underdeveloped capacity for perception, together with the fact that he is only concerned with his immediate gratifications, means that the [[subject]] begins by relating only to a part of a person rather than the whole.
As the [[child]]'s visual apparatus develops, so also does his capacity to perceive people as whole [[object]]s rather than collections of separate parts.
=====Sigmund Freud=====
While the term "[[part-object]]" was first introduced by the [[Kleinian]] [[school]] of [[psychoanalysis]], the origins of the concept can be traced back to [[Karl Abraham]]'s work and ultimately to [[Freud]].
=====Partial Drives=====
For example, when [[Freud]] states that [[drive|partial drive]]s are directed towards [[object]]s such as the [[breast]] or [[part-object|faeces]], these are clearly [[part-object]]s.
=====Penis=====
[[Freud]] also implies that the [[penis]] is a [[part-object]] in his discussion of the [[castration complex]] (in which the [[penis]] is imagined as a separable organ) and in his discussion of [[fetishism]].
=====Jacques Lacan=====
The concept of the [[part-object]] plays an important part in [[Lacan]]'s work from early on.
=====Object-Relations Theory=====
[[Lacan]] finds the concept of the [[part-object]] particularly useful in his criticism of [[object-relations theory]], which he attacks for attributing a false sense of completeness to the [[object]].
[[part-objects]].
===Differences to Klein==Kleinian psychoanalysis=====
[[Lacan]]'s focus on the [[part-object]] is clear evidence of the important [[Klein]]ian influences in his work.
=====Partiality=====
However, whereas [[Klein]] defines these [[object]]s as partial because they are only part of a [[whole]] [[object]], [[Lacan]] takes a different view.
They are partial, he argues, "not because these objects are part of a total object, the body, but because they represent only partially the function that produces them."<ref>{{E}} p.315</ref>
=====Biology=====
In other words, in the [[unconscious]] only the [[pleasure]]-giving function of these [[object]]s is represented, while their [[biological]] function is not represented.
Furthermore, [[Lacan]] argues that what isolates certain parts of the[[body]] as a [[part-object]] is not any [[biological]] given but the [[signification|signifying]] [[system]] of [[language]].
===Additional Partial Objects===In addition to the [[partial object]]s already discovered by [[psychoanalytic theory]] before [[Lacan]] (the [[breast]], the [[part-object|faeces]], the [[phallus]] as [[imaginary]] [[object]], and the [[part-object|urinary flow]]), [[Lacan]] adds (in 1960) several more: the [[phoneme]], the [[gaze]], the voice and the nothing.<ref>{{E}} p.315</ref>
These [[partial object]]s all have one feature in common: "they have no specular image."<ref>{{E}} p.315</ref>
In other words, they are precisely that which cannot be assimilated into the [[subject]]'s [[narcissistic]] [[illusion]] of [[lack|completeness]].
===Concept of the ''Objet petit a''===[[Lacan]]'s conceptualisation conceptualization of the [[part-object]] is modified with the development around 1963-4 of the concept of ''[[objet petit a]]'' as the [[cause]] of [[desire]].
Now each [[partial object]] becomes an [[object]] by virtue of the fact that the [[subject]] takes it for the [[object]] of [[desire]], ''[[objet petit a]]''.<ref>{{S11}} p.104</ref>
From this point on in his work, [[Lacan]] usually restricts his discussion of [[part-object]]s to only four:
==See Also==
{{See}}* [[Biology]]* [[Desire]]||* [[Kleinian psychoanalysis]]* [[Language]]||* [[Mother]]* [[Object-relations theory]]||* ''[[Objet (petit) a]]''* [[Unconscious]]{{Also}}
==References==
<references/>
[[Category:Freudian psychology]]
[[Category:Sigmund Freud]]
[[Category:Theory]]
[[Category:Psychoanalytic theory]]
[[Category:EditDictionary]]
[[Category:New]]
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