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{{Top}}[[objet]] partiel{{Bottom}} =====Melanie Klein==========Child Development=====According to [[Melanie Klein]], the [[infant]]'s underdeveloped capacity for [[perception]], together with the fact that he is only concerned with his immediate gratifications, means that the [[subject]] begins by relating only to a part of a person rather than the whole. The primordial [[part-object]] is, according to [[Klein]], the [[mother]]'s [[breast]]. As the [[child]]'s [[visual]] [[apparatus]] develops, so also does his capacity to perceive [[people]] as whole [[object]]s rather than collections of [[separate]] parts. =====Sigmund Freud=====While the term "[[part-object]]" was first introduced by the [[Kleinian]] [[school]] of [[psychoanalysis]], the origins of the [[concept]] can be traced back to [[Karl Abraham]]'s [[work]] and ultimately to [[Freud]]. =====Partial Drives=====For example, when [[Freud]] states that [[drive|partial drive]]s are directed towards [[object]]s such as the [[breast]] or [[part-object|faeces]], these are clearly [[part-object]]s. =====Penis=====[[Freud]] also implies that the [[penis]] is a [[part-object]] in his [[discussion]] of the [[castration complex]] (in which the [[penis]] is imagined as a separable [[organ]]) and in his discussion of [[fetishism]]. =====Jacques Lacan=====The concept of the [[part-object]] plays an important part in [[Lacan]]'s work from early on. =====Object-Relations Theory=====[[Lacan]] finds the concept of the [[part-object]] particularly useful in his criticism of [[object-relations theory]], which he attacks for attributing a [[false]] [[sense]] of [[completeness]] to the [[object]]. In opposition to this tendency, [[Lacan]] argues that just as all [[drives]] are [[drive|partial drives]], so all [[objects]] are necessarily[[part-objects]]. =====Kleinian psychoanalysis=====[[Lacan]]'s focus on the [[part-object]] is clear evidence of the important [[Klein]]ian influences in his work. =====Partiality=====However, whereas [[Klein]] defines these [[object]]s as [[partial]] because they are only part of a [[whole]] [[object]], [[Lacan]] takes a different view. They are partial, he argues, "not because these objects are part of a [[total]] object, the body, but because they [[represent]] only partially the function that produces [[them]]."<ref>{{E}} p. 315</ref> =====Biology=====In [[other]] [[words]], in the [[unconscious]] only the [[pleasure]]-giving function of these [[object]]s is represented, while their [[biological]] function is not represented. Furthermore, [[Lacan]] argues that what isolates certain parts of the [[body]] as a [[part-object]] is not any [[biological]] given but the [[signification|signifying]] [[system]] of [[language]]. ===Partial Objects===In addition to the [[partial object]]s already discovered by [[psychoanalytic theory]] before [[Lacan]] (the [[breast]], the [[part-object|faeces]], the [[phallus]] as [[imaginary]] [[object]], and the [[Zizekpart-object|Žižekurinary flow]]), Slavoj[[Lacan]] adds (in 1960) several more: the [[phoneme]], the [[gaze]], the voice and the [[nothing]].<ref>{{E}} p. 315</ref> These [[partial object]]s all have one feature in common: "they have no [[specular]] [[image]]."<ref>{{E}} p. 315</ref> In other words, they are precisely that which cannot be assimilated into the [[subject]]'s [[narcissistic]] [[illusion]] of [[lack|completeness]]. ===''Objet petit a''===[[Lacan]]'s conceptualization of the [[part-object]] is modified with the [The Parallax View[development]] around 1963-4 of the concept of ''[[objet petit a]]'' as the [[cause]] of [[desire]]. Now each [[partial object]] becomes an [[object]] by virtue of the fact that the [[subject]] takes it for the [[object]] of [[desire]], ''[[objet petit a]]''.<ref>{{S11}} p. Cambridge104</ref> From this point on in his work, [[Lacan]] usually restricts his discussion of [[part-object]]s to only four: MIT Press# the [[voice]], # the [[gaze]], # the [[breast]] and # [[part-object|faeces]]. 2006 ==Quotes=="[[Partial object]]" is [[Klein]]ian term that "has never been subjected to criticism since [[Karl Abraham]] introduced it. "<ref>{{E}} p.115-117283, 687</ref> ==See Also=={{See}}* [[Biology]]* [[Desire]]||* [[Kleinian psychoanalysis]]* [[Language]]||* [[Mother]]* [[Object-relations theory]]||* ''[[Objet (petit) a]]''* [[Unconscious]]{{Also}}
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