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Passion is the abandonment of the ego to an [[object ]] (a person or abstract [[idea]]) that has taken the [[place ]] of the ego [[ideal]]. The [[relationship ]] is one of alienation, wherein the object of [[desire ]] has become an object of [[need]]. Although [[Freud ]] made frequent references to passion—individual passion—[[individual]] or collective—throughout his [[work]], he did not distinguish it from the [[state ]] of [[being ]] in love, which for him found its extreme manifestation in passion. Subsequently, [[other ]] authors examined the specific characteristics of this state, which resembles [[addiction]] in some respects. In passion the [[psychoanalyst]] encounters both [[philosophical]] and [[psychiatric]] elements. [[Plato]], in the Phaedrus, described the phenomenon as a burning condition, where the soul separates from the [[body]].Marsilio Ficino saw the "divine fury" as an illumination of the soul, and Giordano Bruno saw in the "heroic fury" the alienation in which [[self]]-[[conscious]] vanished. [[Hegel]] claimed that "[[nothing]] great is accomplished without passion." Similarly, Freud referred to the passionate abandonment to an abstract idea or ideal, even to research, as he found in [[Leonardo]] [[da Vinci]] (1910c)—and in himself. The states of passion studied by [[psychiatry]] resemble [[paranoia]] more than love ([[Clérambault]]). Freud distinguished [[three]] types of passion: the passion that arises from being in love, the passion that corresponds to the [[cathexis]] of a sublimated [[activity]], and the passion that has more in common with [[hate]] than with love (erotomania). Concerning the passion associated with being in love (1921c), it is the degree of idealization of the object and the corresponding weakening of the ego that leads to the submissiveness of the [[subject]].Freud used a [[model]] of the hypnotic relationship to describe the crowd's subjugation to its [[leader]]: "A [[primal]] [[horde]] is the sum of individuals who have put a single object in place of their [[ego ideal]] and consequently, in their ego, have [[identified]] with one [[another]]." Freud's study of the Gradiva is situated at the border between love cathexis and passionate investment in an abstraction (1907a). The "delusion" consisted precisely in substituting the latter (the archeological revivification) for the [[living]] young [[girl]] whom the hero no longer recognizes. From the [[repressed]] [[memory]] to [[fantasy]] and delusion, there is a [[sense]] of continuity, similar to what Freud had found between love and passion. The passionate cathexis of a sublimated activity is caused by a transposition, a redirection of [[drive]]. Leonardo, "having transposed his passion into the thirst for [[knowledge]], now abandoned himself to the investigation with the tenacity, continuity, and penetration that are associated with passion" (1910c). The origin of the disposition to passion may relate to the intensity of the [[erotic]] relationship between [[mother]] and [[child]] ("My mother crushed my mouth with countless kisses," wrote Leonardo). In "Observations on [[Transference]] Love" (1915a [1914]), Freud associated the tumultuous passion of the [[patient]] for the [[analyst]] with [[resistance]]. Aside from the technical issue, he goes on to point out that this [[apparent]] abandonment to love is in fact a [[demand]] without any basis in [[reality]]. Those [[patients]] "would like, with their passion [[disconnected]] from any [[social]] bond, to keep the doctor at their mercy." This relation of subjugation, compared by Freud to the dangerous manipulation of explosive substances, is closer, in spite of his claims, to an erotomaniacal [[form]] of paranoia than to the state of being in love, even when intense. Sándor Ferenczi spoke of the "[[language]] of passion" as opposed to "tenderness" (1932), emphasizing the [[traumatic]] force of the confusion of tongues between [[adults]] and the child, ranging from [[sexual]] rape to erotic [[punishment]]. He emphasized the "premature graft of the varieties of erotic love loaded with [[feelings]] of [[guilt]] onto an individual who is still immature and innocent." Years later, [[Daniel Lagache]] (1947) examined from a [[psychoanalytic]] viewpoint the [[clinical]] [[treatment]] of states of passion ([[jealousy]], erotomania). Piera Aulagnier (1979) developed a new approach to the [[concept]] of passion, which she defined as "a relation in which an object has become, for the I, another exclusive source of all [[pleasure]] and has been [[displaced]] in the hierarchy of [[needs]]." There are three prototypes for this: the relation of the drug addict to the drug, the relation of the gambler to the [[game]], the relation of an other to the I, that is, "amorous passion," which is qualitatively and not quantitatively different from being in love. Characterized by an asymmetry between the two partners, where one appears as unattainable, the personal relation assumes a desire for subjugation supported by an "inductor," or passion instigator, which uses the [[suffering]] of the other to [[control]] emotions. [[Literature]] provides invaluable support for extending the psychoanalytic study of passion. In it can be found constant elements such as the fantasy of an opaque and explosive body, the [[negation]] of the [[natural]] rhythm of [[time]], which is always [[present]] in its instantaneity, and the infinite extension of [[space]] in the [[representation]] of a fusion that is always situated in the [[future]]. The impassioned individual struggles to counter-[[cathect]] an [[impossible]] [[mourning]] and, more profoundly, to realize an [[absent]] [[narcissistic]] [[unity]]. The vital question embodied by passion is well illustrated in crimes of passion (Mijolla-Mellor, Sophie de, 1987). ==See Also==* [[Alienation]]* [["Confusion of Tongues between Adults and the Child, the Language of Tenderness and Passion"]]* [[Delusion]]* [[]]* [[Erotomania]]* [[Freud, the Secret Passion]]* [[Idealization]]* [[Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego]]* [[Leonardo da Vinci and a Memory of his Childhood]]* [[Love]]* [[Narcissistic elation]]* [[Negative therapeutic reaction]]* [[Tenderness]] ==References==<references/># [[Freud, Sigmund]]. (1907a [1906]). [[Delusions]] and [[dreams]] in Jensen's "Gradiva." SE, 9: 1-95.# ——. (1910c). [[Leonardo da Vinci]] and a memory of his [[childhood]]. SE, 11: 57-137.# ——. (1915a [1914]). Observations on [[transference love]] (further recommendations on the [[technique]] of [[psychoanalysis]] III). SE, 12: 157-171.# ——. (1921c). Group [[psychology]] and the [[analysis]] of the ego.SE, 18: 65-143. [[Category:New]]