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'''[[Image:Ricoeur paul.jpg|thumb|Paul Ricoeur]] Ricœur''' ([[February 27]], [[1913]], [[FranceValence, Drôme|Valence]] – [[May 20]], [[2005]], [[Chatenay Malabry]]) was a [[French people|French]] [[philosopher]] best known for combining [[phenomenology|phenomenological]] description with [[hermeneutics|hermeneutic]] [[interpretation]]. As such, he is connected to two [[other]] major hermeneutic phenomenologists, [[Martin Heidegger]] and [[Hans-Georg Gadamer]].

'''Paul Ricœur''' (s early years were marked by two main facts. First, he was [[born]] to a devout [[Protestant]] [[February 27family]], making him a member of a [[1913religious]]minority in [[Catholic]] [[France]]. Second, his [[Valence, Drôme|Valencefather]] – died in [[May 20WWI]]in 1915, when Ricoeur was only two years old. As a result he was raised by his Aunt in [[2005Rennes]], with a small [[Chatenay Malabrystipend]]) afforded to him as a war orphan. Ricœur was a bookish, intellectually precocious boy whose penchant for study was increased by his family's Protestant emphasis on Bible study. Ricœur received his ''license'' in [[French people|French1933]] from the [[University of Rennes]] and began studying [[philosopherphilosophy]] best known for combining at the [[phenomenologyUniversity of Paris|phenomenologicalSorbonne]] description with in 1934, where he was influenced by [[hermeneutics|hermeneuticGabriel Marcel]] interpretation. As such, In [[1935]] he is connected to two other major hermeneutic phenomenologists, [[Martin Heideggeragrégation| agrégated]] second in the [[nation]] and , presaging a bright [[Hans-Georg Gadamerfuture]]despite his provincial origins.

[[World War II|WWII]] interrupted Ricœur's early years were marked by two main facts. Firstcareer, and he was born drafted to a devout serve in the [[ProtestantFrench]] family, making him a member of a religious minority in [[Catholicarmy]] in 1939. His unit was [[Francecaptured]]. Second, his father died in during the [[WWIGerman]] invasion of France in 1915, when Ricoeur was only two 1940 and he spent the next five years oldas a prisoner of war. As a result he His detention camp was raised by his Aunt in filled with other intellectuals such as [[RennesMikel Dufrenne]] with who organized readings and classes sufficiently rigorous that the camp was accredited as a small degree-granting institution by the [[stipendVichy]] afforded to him as a war orphan. Ricœur was a bookish, intellectually precocious boy whose penchant for study was increased by his family's Protestant emphasis on Bible study. Ricœur received his ''license'' in [[1933government]] from the . During this [[University of Rennestime]] and began studying philosophy at the he read [[University of Paris|SorbonneKarl Jaspers]] in 1934, where he who was influenced by to have a great influence on him. He also began a [[Gabriel Marceltranslation]]. In of [[1935Edmund Husserl]] he 's ''[[agrégation| agrégatedIdeas]] second in the nation, presaging a bright future despite his provincial originsI''.

After the war Ricœur took up a [[World War II|WWIIposition]] interrupted Ricœur's career, and he was drafted to serve in at the French army in 1939. His unit was captured during the German invasion [[University of France in 1940 and he spent the next five years as a prisoner of war. His detention camp was filled with other intellectuals such as Strasbourg]] ([[Mikel Dufrenne1948]] who organized readings and classes sufficiently rigorous that the camp was accredited as a degree-granting institution by the [[Vichy1956]] government). During this time In [[1950]] he read received his doctorate submitting (as is customary in France) two theses: a 'minor' [[Karl Jaspersthesis]], who which was to have a great influence translation and commentary on him. He also began a translation of [[Edmund Husserl]]'s ''Ideas I''(the first available in French) and a 'major' thesis that would later be published as ''Le Volontaire et l'Involontaire''. As a result of his scholarly [[work]], Ricœur earned a reputation as an expert in [[phenomenology]], whose popularity in France had begun during the 1930s and increased during and after the war.

After the war In [[1956]] Ricœur took up a position at the [[University of StrasbourgParis|Sorbonne]] (as the [[1948Chair]]-of General Philosophy. This appointment signaled Ricœur's rise as one of France's most prominent [[1956philosophers]]). In [[1950]] During this time he received his doctorate submitting (as is customary in France) two theses: a wrote ''Fallible Man'minor' thesis which was a translation and commentary on Husserl's 'The [[Symbolism]] of [[Evil]]'Ideas I'' (the first available published in French) 1960, and a 'major' thesis that would later be published as ''Le Volontaire et l'Involontaire[[Freud]] and Philosophy: Essays on Interpretation''published in 1965. As a result of These works cemented his scholarly work, Ricœur earned a reputation as an expert in [[phenomenology]], whose popularity in France had begun during the 1930s and increased during and after the war.

In From [[19561965]] to [[1970]] Ricœur took up a position at the newly founded [[University of Paris|SorbonneNanterre]] as the Chair of General Philosophy. This appointment signaled Nanterre was an experiment in progressive education and Ricœur's rise as one hoped it would allow him the opportunity to escape the stifling atmosphere of France's most prominent philosophers. During this time he wrote ''Fallible Man'' the [[tradition]]-bound Sorbonne and its over-crowded classes and ''The Symbolism of Evil'' published create a [[university]] in 1960accordance with his [[vision]]. Unfortunately, Nanterre become a hot bed of protest during the student uprisings of [[May 1968]] and Ricœur was derided as an 'old clown'Freud and Philosophy: Essays on Interpretation'' published in 1965. These works cemented his reputationtool of the French government.

From At the nadir of his popularity and disenchanted with [[1965]] to [[1970life]] in France, Ricœur taught at the Catholic University of Louvain in Belgium and also took up a position at the newly founded [[University of NanterreChicago]] in [[1970]] where he would remain until [[1985]]. Nanterre was an experiment in progressive education As a result Ricœur became acquainted with American philosophy and Ricœur hoped it would allow [[social]] [[science]], making him one of the opportunity to escape few thinkers equally at home with the stifling atmosphere French, German, and [[English]]-[[language]] [[intellectual]] scenes. The results were two of Ricœur's most important and enduring works: ''The Rule of [[Metaphor]]: Multi-disciplinary Studies of the tradition-bound Sorbonne Creation of [[Meaning]] of Language'' published in 1975 and its overthe [[three]]-crowded classes volume ''Time and create a university [[Narrative]]'' published in accordance with his vision1984, 1985, and 1988. Unfortunately, Nanterre become a hot bed of protest during Building on the student uprisings [[discussion]] of narrative [[May 1968identity]] and , as well as Ricœur was derided as an 'old clown' and tool of s continuing interest in the [[self]], Ricœur presented the Gifford Lectures, which resulted in the French governmentimportant work "Oneself as [[Another]]" published in 1992.

At the nadir of his popularity and disenchanted with life in France, Ricœur taught at the Catholic University of Louvain in Belgium and also took a position at the [[University of Chicago]] in [[1970]] where he would remain until [[1985]]. As a result Ricœur became acquainted with American philosophy and social science, making him one of the few thinkers equally at home with the French, German, and English-language intellectual scenes. The results were two of Ricœur's most important and enduring works: ''The Rule of Metaphor: Multi-disciplinary Studies of the Creation of Meaning of Language'' published in 1975 and the three-volume ''Time and Narrative'' published in 1984, 1985, and 1988. Building on the discussion of narrative identity, as well as Ricœur's continuing interest in the self, Ricœur presented the Gifford Lectures, which resulted in the important work "Oneself as Another" published in 1992.  With ''Time and Narrative'' Ricœur returned to France as an intellectual superstar. His late work was characterised by a continuous cross-cutting of national intellectual traditions, and some of his latest [[writing ]] engaged the [[thought ]] of the American [[political ]] philosopher [[John Rawls]].

Paul Ricœur died the 20th May 2005 in his house in Chatenay Malabry, west of [[Paris]], during [[sleep ]] by [[natural ]] causes. French Prime Minister Jean Pierre Raffarin declared that "the [[humanist ]] European tradition is in [[mourning ]] for one of his most talented exponents".

== [[Bibliography ]] ==

* Gabriel Marcel and Karl Jaspers. ''[[Philosophie ]] du mystère et philosophie du paradoxe''. Paris: [[Temps ]] Présent, 1948.* ''[[Freedom ]] and [[Nature]]: The Voluntary and the Involuntary'', trans. Erazim Kohak. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1966 (1950).* ''[[History ]] and [[Truth]]'', trans. Charles A. Kelbley. Evanston: Northwestern University press. 1965 (1955).

* ''The [[Conflict ]] of [[Interpretations]]: Essays in [[Hermeneutics]]'', ed. Don Ihde, trans. Willis Domingo et al. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1974 (1969).

* ''The Rule of Metaphor: Multi-Disciplinary Studies in the Creation of Meaning in Language'', trans. Robert Czerny with Kathleen McLaughlin and John Costello, S. J., [[London]]: Routledge and Kegan Paul 1978 (1975).* ''Interpretation [[Theory]]: [[Discourse ]] and the [[Surplus ]] of Meaning''. Fort Worth: Texas [[Christian ]] Press, 1976.* ''The Philosophy of Paul Ricœur: An Anthology of his Work'', ed. Charles E. [[Reagan ]] and David Stewart. Boston: Beacon Press, 1978.* ''[[Theology ]] after Ricouer'', Dan Stiver, Westminster: John Knox Press* ''Hermeneutics and the [[Human ]] [[Sciences]]: Essays on Language, [[Action ]] and Interpretation'', ed., trans. John B. Thompson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.

* ''Lectures on [[Ideology ]] and Utopia'', ed., trans. George H. Taylor. New York: Columbia University Press, 1985.* ''From [[Text ]] to Action: Essays in Hermeneutics II'', trans. Kathleen Blamey and John B. Thompson. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1991 (1986).

* ''Oneself as Another'' (''Soi-même comme un [[autre]]''), trans. Kathleen Blamey. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992 (1990).* ''A Ricœur Reader: [[Reflection ]] and [[Imagination]]'', ed. Mario J. Valdes. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991.

* The Philosophy of Paul Ricoeur. The [[Library ]] of [[Living ]] Philosophers (edited by L.E. Hahn), 1995.

* Essays on [[Biblical ]] Interpretation. Paul Ricouer. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1980.