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{{Top}}lack of object|privation{{Bottom}}
==Jacques Lacan==
===Lack of Object===
In his [[seminar]] of 1956-7, [[Seminar IV|Object Relations]], [[Lacan]] distinguishes between [[three]] types of "[[lack of object]]":
# [[privation]],
# '''[[frustration]]''' and
# '''[[castration]]'''.
Each of these types of [[lack]] is located in a different [[order]], each is brought [[about]] by a different kind of [[agent]], and each involves a different kind of [[object]].
===Lack in the Real of a Symbolic Object===
[[Privation]] is defined as a [[lack]] in the [[real]] of a [[symbolic]] [[object]] (the [[symbolic]] [[phallus]]).
The [[girl]] blames the [[mother]] for depriving her of a [[penis]], and redirects her affections to the father in the hope that he will provide her with a [[child]] as a [[symbolic]] [[substitute]] for the [[penis]] she [[lacks]].<ref>{{F}} (1924d) ''[[Sigmund Freud:Bibliography|An Autobiographical Study]]''. [[SE]] XX, 3.</ref>
[[Privation]], then, refers to the [[female]]'s [[lack]] of a [[penis]], which is clearly a [[lack]] in the [[Real]].
===The Real===However, by definition, "the [[real]] is [[full]]". The [[real]] is never [[lacking]] in itself, and thus "the [[notion]] of privation ... implies the [[symbolisation]] of the [[object]] in the [[real]]."<ref>{{S4}} p. 218</ref> In [[other]] [[words]], when the [[child]] perceives the [[penis]] (a real organ) as [[absent]], it is only because he has a notion that it somehow should be there, which is to introduce the [[symbolic]] into the [[real]]. Thus what is [[lacking]] is not the [[real]] organ, for, [[biologically]] [[speaking]], the vagina is not incomplete without one; what is [[lacking]] is a [[symbolic]] object, the [[symbolic]] [[phallus]]. Its [[symbolic]] [[nature]] is confirmed by the fact that it can be substituted by a [[child]] in the [[girl]]'s [[unconscious]]; in appeasing her [[penis envy]] by [[desiring]] a [[child]], [[Freud]] argues, the [[girl]] "[[slip]]s - along the lines of a [[symbolic]] equation, one might say - from the [[penis]] to a [[baby]]."<ref>{{F}} (1924d) "[[Sigmund Freud:Bibliography|The Dissolution of the Oedipus Complex]]." [[SE]] XIX, 178-9</ref> [[Freud]] argues that the little [[girl]] blames her [[mother]] for depriving her of a [[penis]]. [[Lacan]], however, argues that it is the [[imaginary]] father who is held to be the [[agent]] of [[privation]]. However, these two accounts are not necessarily incompatible. ===Girl and Mother===Even though the [[girl]] may at first resent the [[mother]] for depriving her of a [[penis]] and turn to the [[father]] in the hope that he will provide her with a [[symbolic]] [[substitute]], she later turns her resentment against the [[father]] when he fails to provide her with the desired [[child]]. [[Freud]] argues that [[penis envy]] persists into [[adulthood]], manifesting itself both in the [[desire]] to [[enjoy]] the [[penis]] in [[sexual]] intercourse, and in the [[desire]] to have a [[child]] (since the [[father]] has failed to provide her with a [[child]], the [[woman]] turns to [[another]] [[man]] instead). [[Lacan]] argues that even when the [[woman]] has a [[child]], this does not spell the end of her [[sense]] of [[privation]]. Her [[desire]] for the [[phallus]] remains [[unsatisfied]], no matter how many [[children]] she has. The [[mother]]'s basic [[dissatisfaction]] is perceived by the [[child]] from very early on; he realizes that she has a [[desire]] that aims at something beyond her [[dual relationship]] with him - the [[imaginary]] [[phallus]].<ref>{{S4}} p. 194</ref> The [[child]] then seeks to fulfil her [[desire]] by [[identifying]] with the [[Imaginary]] [[phallus]]. In this way, the [[privation]] of the [[mother]] is [[responsible]] for introducing the [[dialectic]] of [[desire]] in the [[child]]'s [[life]] for the first [[time]]. ==See Also=={{See}}* [[Castration]]* [[Desire]]||* [[Dialectic]]* [[Frustration]]||* [[Castration]]* [[Frustration]]||* [[Mother]]* [[Need]]||* [[Phallus]]* [[Father]]{{Also}} == References ==<div style="font-size:11px" class="references-small">
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[[Category:Freudian psychology]]
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