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Privation

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==Jacques Lacan==
===Lack of Object===
In his [[seminar]] of 1956-7, [[Seminar IV|Object Relations]], [[Lacan]] distinguishes between [[three ]] types of "[[lack of object]]":
# [[privation]],
# '''[[frustration]]''' and
# '''[[castration]]'''.
Each of these types of [[lack]] is located in a different [[order]], each is brought [[about ]] by a different kind of [[agent]], and each involves a different kind of [[object]].
===Lack in the Real of a Symbolic Object===
===Castration Complex===
[[Privation]] is [[Lacan]]'s attempt to theorize more rigorously [[Freud]]'s [[concept ]] of [[female]] [[castration]] and [[penis envy]].
According to [[Freud]], when [[children]] realize that some [[people ]] ([[women]]) do not have a [[penis]], this is a [[traumatic]] [[moment ]] which produces different effects in the [[boy]] and in the [[girl]] (see [[castration complex]]).
Whereas the [[boy]] develops a [[fear]] of having his [[penis]] cut off, the [[girl]] envies the [[boy]] his possession of the [[penis]], which she sees as a highly desirable [[organ]].
The [[girl]] blames the [[mother]] for depriving her of a [[penis]], and redirects her affections to the father in the hope that he will provide her with a [[child]] as a [[symbolic]] [[substitute]] for the [[penis]] she [[lacks]].<ref>{{F}} (1924d) ''[[Sigmund Freud:Bibliography|An Autobiographical Study]]''. [[SE]] XX, 3.</ref>
===The Real===
However, by definition, "the [[real]] is [[full]]".
The [[real]] is never [[lacking]] in itself, and thus "the [[notion ]] of privation ... implies the [[symbolisation]] of the [[object]] in the [[real]]."<ref>{{S4}} p. 218</ref>
In [[other ]] [[words]], when the [[child]] perceives the [[penis]] (a real organ) as [[absent]], it is only because he has a notion that it somehow should be there, which is to introduce the [[symbolic]] into the [[real]].
Thus what is [[lacking]] is not the [[real]] organ, for, [[biologically]] [[speaking]], the vagina is not incomplete without one; what is [[lacking]] is a [[symbolic]] object, the [[symbolic]] [[phallus]].
Its [[symbolic]] [[nature ]] is confirmed by the fact that it can be substituted by a [[child]] in the [[girl]]'s [[unconscious]]; in appeasing her [[penis envy]] by [[desiring]] a [[child]], [[Freud]] argues, the [[girl]] "[[slip]]s - along the lines of a [[symbolic]] equation, one might say - from the [[penis]] to a [[baby]]."<ref>{{F}} (1924d) "[[Sigmund Freud:Bibliography|The Dissolution of the Oedipus Complex]]." [[SE]] XIX, 178-9</ref>
[[Freud]] argues that the little [[girl]] blames her [[mother]] for depriving her of a [[penis]].
Even though the [[girl]] may at first resent the [[mother]] for depriving her of a [[penis]] and turn to the [[father]] in the hope that he will provide her with a [[symbolic]] [[substitute]], she later turns her resentment against the [[father]] when he fails to provide her with the desired [[child]].
[[Freud]] argues that [[penis envy]] persists into [[adulthood]], manifesting itself both in the [[desire]] to [[enjoy ]] the [[penis]] in [[sexual ]] intercourse, and in the [[desire]] to have a [[child]] (since the [[father]] has failed to provide her with a [[child]], the [[woman]] turns to [[another ]] [[man]] instead).
[[Lacan]] argues that even when the [[woman]] has a [[child]], this does not spell the end of her [[sense ]] of [[privation]].
Her [[desire]] for the [[phallus]] remains [[unsatisfied]], no matter how many [[children]] she has.
The [[child]] then seeks to fulfil her [[desire]] by [[identifying]] with the [[Imaginary]] [[phallus]].
In this way, the [[privation]] of the [[mother]] is [[responsible ]] for introducing the [[dialectic]] of [[desire]] in the [[child]]'s [[life ]] for the first [[time]].
==See Also==
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