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The term [[prohibition ]] has been borrowed by [[psychoanalysis ]] from everyday [[language]], where it is used either as an adjective to describe something we are not allowed to do, say, see, [[think]], or be; or substantively to refer to the [[law]], [[social ]] constraint, [[moral ]] education, and so on, on which this [[prohibition ]] is based.
The [[concept]] appears early in [[Freud]]'s [[work]] and can be found in the Studies on [[Hysteria]] (1895d), where the subject, driven by desires prohibited by [[morality]], consciously forms "representations that are [[irreconcilable]]" with that morality, and then refuses [[them]] satisfaction, doing away with them by making them [[unconcious]] through repression. Those desires are always, in the final [[analysis]], [[sexual]] in [[nature]], especially in the case of the "neuro-[[psychoses]] of [[defense]]." "The etiology of hysteria almost inevitably can be traced to a psychic conflict, an irreconcilable representation, which prompts into action the defense of the ego and provokes repression" ([[Freud]], 1896b). From the very outset, then, the [[notion]] of [[prohibition]] is inseparable from the drive-defense conflict, which will constitute the core of [[psychoanalytic theory]]. Initially, that is to say, within the framework of the first [[topography]] and the first [[theory]] of [[drives]], [[Freud]] studied the [[libidinal]] origins of the conflict and its [[treatment]] through [[repression]] (these are the [[texts]] on [[metapsychology]] from 1915) as well as its educational ("Little [[Hans]]," 1915), sociological and ethnological ([[Totem]] and [[Taboo]], 1912-1913a) origins. The formulation of the [[Oedipus]] [[complex]] then focused attention on the [[prohibition]] of [[incest]]. Subsequently, the formulation of the [[second topography]] led to a redefinition of [[prohibition]]. Here, the [[ego]] appears as prey to conflicts where it is torn between "[[three]] masters": the [[id]] and its libidinal [[demands]], [[reality]] and adaptive requirements, and a [[superego]] that is essentially defined as an [[agent]] of [[prohibition]]. (However, to this must be added the more positive functions of the [[ego]] [[ideal]], which condenses all the moral values the [[subject]] claims to hold.) Although throughout his work [[Freud]] presents the incest [[prohibition]] as the heart of the conflictual dynamic, he also discusses [[prohibition]]s that [[affect]] [[other]] manifestations of [[sexuality]], primarily [[masturbation]] and the [[satisfaction]] of the [[partial]] drive]]s or compound [[instinct]]s ([[voyeurism]], [[exhibitionism]], [[anal]] [[pleasure]]). Generalization of the limitations created by these [[prohibition]]s can lead to serious inhibitions of [[thought]]. Moreover, it has been shown how the [[repression]] of the [[drive]]s can lead to serious reaction [[formations]], especially when [[aggression]] is poorly integrated. [[Censorship]]; Conflict; [[Deprivation]]; [[Ethics]]; Incest; [[law]] of the [[father]]; [[Oedipus complex]]; Taboo; [[Transgression]]. [[Bibliography]] * [[Freud]], Sigmund. (1896b). Further remarks on the neuro-psychoses of [[defence]]. SE, 3: 157-185. * [[Freud ]] Sigmund, and Breuer, Josef. (1895d). Studies on hysteria. SE, 2: 48-106.
* Mijolla-Mellor, Sophie de. (1993). Le "bon droit" du criminel. Topique, 52, 141-161.
* Milner, Marion. (1991). On est prié de fermer les yeux. Le regard interdit. Paris: Gallimard.
[[Category:Psychoanalysis[[psychoanalysis]]]]
[[Category:Terms]]
[[Category:Concepts]]
[[Category:Sigmund [[Freud]]]]
[[Category:Jacques Lacan]]