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=====More===Sigmund Freud==

<!-- [[Freud]]'s third and broadest category comprises his work on culture (which is based largely on the view that culture is a product of the diversion or [[sublimation]] of sexual energy) and art, which provides the starting-point for the many varieties of [[psychoanalytic criticism]]. =====More=====Although the history of [[psychoanalysis]] is inseparable from that of [[Freud]]'s life and of the long self-analysis which led him to write his great ''[[Interpretation of Dreams]]'' (1900), it is clear that his new science is rooted in the traditions of nineteenth-century psychology and biology. [[Freud]]'s ventures into [[anthropology]], which he views as an integral part of his new scientific discipline, are also influenced by nineteenth-century theories of evolution and by their attendant [[eurocentrism]]; hence the analogy between the "mental life of savages and neurotics" posited in ''[[Totem and Taboo]]'' (1913), and the argument that the life of an indiviudal re-enacts or repeats the life of the species. It is also clear that [[Freud]]'s descriptions of the workings of the [[unconscious]], with it s flows of energy, and of [[libido]] and its mechanisms of discharge, owe much to the physics and hydraulics of his age. =====More===== [[Freud]] constantly revises and reworks his theories, and all the modifications he introduces are closely related to developments at the clinical elevel as he gradually abandons the therapeutic technique of hypnosis and [[catharsis]] in avor of the [[talking cure]], and moves from his early [[seduction theory]] of [[hysteria]] to a theory of both [[neurosis]] and normal [[development]] that is based upon the discovery of the [[Oedipus complex]] and its vital importance in psychosexual development. Yet despite all the changes that are introduced, there is a constant emphasis on the [[unconscious'' and on sexuality, defined in such broad terms as to include the oral and anal dimensions and not merely the narrowly genital or procreative dimension. It is the emphasis on sexuality that leads to the major disagreements between [[Freud]] and [[Jung]], whom the former at one point regarded as his crown prince. [[Freud]]'s theories are obviously not beyond criticism, but they have had an incalculable impact on the twentieth-century vision of sexuality, not least by insisting the children are not asexual and have a sexual life of their own.<ref>1905a. 1908a.</ref> =====More===== The best account of the gradual development of the technique of [[psychoanalysis]] is that provided by [[Freud]] himself in his correspondence iwth [[Wilhelm Fliess]], the ear, nost and throat specialist with whom he collaborated in the 1980s, in the studies n [[hysteria]] coauthored with Breuer, and in the five published case studies. The technique that evolved is the method of [[free association]], with the patient or anlaysand lying on a couch and with the analyst sitting slightly to the rear and out of eyeshot. The [[patient]] is required to tell everything and omit nothing; the [[analyst]] to listen to everything and to privilege nothing. [[Free association]] around [[dreams]] or [[memories]] allows [[unconscious]] [[chain]]s of [[fantasies]] and [[wish]]es to be reconstructed and then interpreted so as to uncover underlying structures, which, typically, relate to the [[Oedipus complex]] and [[repressed]] childhood [[memories]], usually with a sexual content. Although [[dream]]s are described by [[Freud]] as "the royal road to the unconscious," (1900) it should be noted that the [[psychoanalyst]]'s raw material is not the [[unconscious]] itself (which is by definition inaccesible), but material that has already been shaped by the [[dream-work]]. The central factor in the [[analytic treatment]] is the [[transference]] that allows [[unconscious]] or [[repressed]] material to be reactualized in verbal form rather than reproduced in [[symptom]]s, and [[projection|projected]] onto the [[analyst]]. In a classic [[Freud]]ian [[psychoanalysis]], the [[analysand]] has daily sessions of [[analysis]], each lasting fifty minutes (the so-called 'analytic hour'); the payment of fees is held to have great symbolic importance. [[Freud]] never claimed that his method was a universal panacea, but once remarked with typically pessimistic wit that it could transform "hysterical misery" into "common unhappiness."<ref>1893-5.</ref> =====More===== Although [[psychoanalysis]] is widely practiced and has had an important influence on related therapeutic methods, it has never been defined in either medical or legal terms. The profession is self-regulated and its standards of practice are defined by the various national associaitons recognized by the [[International Psycho-Analytical Association]]. The would-be [[psychoanalyst]] undertakes a personal [[analysis]] before embarking upon a rigorous [[training]] [[analysis]] designed to promote a recognition of the importance of [[transference]] and [[countertransference]]. Qualified [[analysts]] normally work under the supervision of their seniors, and usually undetake at least one "second analysis." The first generation of psychoanalysts were, like [[Freud]] himself, doctors of medicine, but suitably qualified non-medical or lay analysts were admitted to the profession from the 1920s onwards.<ref.Freud. 1926a.</ref> The desirability or otherwise of medical qualifications is a matter for the various national associations.

The question Although the history of [[psychoanalysis]] is inseparable from that of [[Freud]]'s life and of the long self-analysis which led him to write his great ''[[Interpretation of Dreams]]'' (1900), it is clear that his new science is rooted in the traditions of nineteenth-century psychology and biology. [[Freud]]'s ventures into [[anthropology]], which he views as an integral part of his new scientific nature discipline, are also influenced by nineteenth-century theories of evolution and by their attendant [[psychoanalysiseurocentrism]]; hence the analogy between the "mental life of savages and neurotics" posited in ''[[Totem and Taboo]]'' (1913), and the argument that the life of an indiviudal re-enacts or repeats the life of the species. It is also clear that [[Freud]]'s descriptions of the workings of the [[unconscious]], with it s flows of energy, and of [[libido]] remains controversialand its mechanisms of discharge, owe much to the physics and hydraulics of his age.

<!-- Although [[dream]]s are described by [[Freud]] as "the royal road to the unconscious," (1900) it should be noted that the [[psychoanalyst]]'s own career was punctuated raw material is not the [[unconscious]] itself (which is by definition inaccesible), but material that has already been shaped by a series of breaks with oleagues the [[dream-work]]. -->The central factor in the [[analytic treatment]] is the [[transference]] that allows [[unconscious]] or [[repressed]] material to whom he had once been closebe reactualized in verbal form rather than reproduced in [[symptom]]s, and [[projection|projected]] onto the history [[analyst]]. In a classic [[Freud]]ian [[psychoanalysis]], the [[analysand]] has daily sessions of [[analysis]], each lasting fifty minutes (the so-called 'analytic hour'); the psychoanalytic movement payment of fees is one of splits and schisms as well as of international expansionheld to have great symbolic importance. [[Freud]] never claimed that his method was a universal panacea, but once remarked with typically pessimistic wit that it could transform "hysterical misery" into "common unhappiness."<ref>1893-5.</ref> -->

All Although [[psychoanalysis]] is widely practiced and has had an important influence on related therapeutic methods, it has never been defined in either medical or legal terms. The profession is self-regulated and its standards of practice are defined by the various national associations recognized by the major tendencies within contemporary psychoanalysis claim [[International Psycho-Analytical Association]]. The would-be [[psychoanalyst]] undertakes a personal [[analysis]] before embarking upon a rigorous [[training]] [[analysis]] designed to promote a recognition of the importance of [[Freudiantransference]] ancestryand [[counter-transference]]. Qualified [[analysts]] normally work under the supervision of their seniors, and usually undertake at least one "second analysis." The first generation of psychoanalysts were, like [[Freud]] himself, doctors of medicine, but take as their statingsuitably qualified non-point different periods in his work medical or lay analysts were admitted to the profession from the 1920s onwards.<ref>Freud. 1926a.</ref> The desirability or different aspects otherwise of his theoriesmedical qualifications is a matter for the various national associations. The question of the scientific nature of [[psychoanalysis]] remains controversial.

[[Freud]]'s own career was punctuated by a series of breaks with colleagues to whom he had once been close, and the history of the psychoanalytic movement is one of splits and schisms as well as of international expansion. All the major tendencies within contemporary psychoanalysis claim a [[Freudian]] ancestry, but take as their stating-point different periods in his work or different aspects of his theories. Very schematically, the main post-Freudian currents within [[psychoanalysi]] are [[ego-psychology]], [[Kleinian psychoanalysis]], [[object-relations theory]] and [[Lacanian psychoanalysis]].