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==Sigmund Freud==[[Freud]] describes [[psychoanalysis]] as comprising:# a [[Psychoanalysisdiscipline]] is founded on a procedure for the investigation of [[theorymental]] and [[practiceprocesses]] initiated by that are otherwise inaccessible because they are [[Sigmund Freudunconscious]] founded on ;# a therapeutic method for the discovery treatment of [[neurotic]] disorders; and # a [[body]] of the [[unconsciouspsychological]]data evolving into a new scientific discipline.
<!-- [[Freud]]'s [[third]] and broadest [[category]] comprises his [[work]] on [[culture]] (which is based largely on the view that culture is a product of the diversion or [[sublimation]] of [[sexual]] [[energy]]) and art, which provides the starting-point for the many varieties of [[psychoanalytic criticism]]. -->
Although the [[history]] of [[psychoanalysis]] is inseparable from that of [[Freud]] distinguishes between 's [[life]] and of the long [[psychoanalysisself]] as# a method for investigating -analysis which led him to write his great ''[[unconsciousInterpretation of Dreams]] mental processes'' (1900),# a method for treating neurotic disordersit is clear that his new [[science]] is rooted in the traditions of nineteenth-century psychology and [[biology]]. [[Freud]]'s ventures into [[anthropology]], and# a set which he views as an integral part of his new scientific discipline, are also influenced by nineteenth-century theories about of evolution and by their attendant eurocentrism; hence the analogy between the "mental processes revealed by life of savages and neurotics" posited in ''[[Totem and Taboo]]'' (1913), and the argument that the life of an [[individual]] re-enacts or repeats the psychoanalytic method life of investigation and treatmentthe [[species]].<ref> It is also clear that [[Freud]]'s descriptions of the workings of the [[unconscious]], with it s flows of energy, and of [[libido]] and its mechanisms of [[discharge]], owe much to the [[physics]] and hydraulics of his age. 1923a. Standard Edition. XVIII. p.235</ref>
<!-- [[Freud]] constantly revises and reworks his theories, and all the modifications he introduces are closely related to developments at the [[clinical]] level as he gradually abandons the therapeutic [[technique]] of [[hypnosis]] and [[catharsis]] in favor of the [[talking cure]], and moves from his early [[seduction theory]] of [[hysteria]] to a [[theory]] of both [[neurosis]] and normal [[development]] that is based upon the discovery of the [[Oedipus complex]] and its vital importance in [[psychosexual]] development. Yet despite all the changes that are introduced, there is a constant emphasis on the [[unconscious'' and on sexuality, defined in such broad terms as to include the oral and anal dimensions and not merely the narrowly genital or procreative dimension. It is the emphasis on sexuality that leads to the major disagreements between [[Freud]] and [[Jung]], whom the former at one point regarded as his crown prince. [[Freud]]'s theories are obviously not beyond criticism, but they have had an incalculable impact on the twentieth-century [[vision]] of [[sexuality]], not least by insisting the [[children]] are not asexual and have a [[sexual life]] of their own.<ref>1905a. 1908a.</ref> The best account of the gradual development of the technique of [[psychoanalysis]] is that provided by [[Freud]] himself in his correspondence with [[Wilhelm Fliess]], with whom he collaborated in the 1980s, in the studies n [[hysteria]] coauthored with [[Breuer]], and in the five published [[case]] studies. -->
The technique that evolved is the method of [[free association]], with the patient or analysand lying on a couch and with the analyst sitting slightly to the rear and out of eyeshot. The [[patient]] is required to tell everything and omit [[nothing]]; the [[analyst]] to listen to everything and to privilege nothing. [[Free association]] around [[dreams]] or [[memories]] allows [[unconscious]] [[chain]]s of [[fantasies]] and [[wish]]es to be reconstructed and then [[interpreted]] so as to uncover underlying [[structures]], which, typically, relate to the [[Oedipus complex]] and [[repressed]] [[childhood]] [[memories]], usually with a sexual [[content]].
<!-- Although [[dream]]s are described by [[Freud]] as "the royal road to the unconscious," (1900) it should be noted that the [[psychoanalyst]]'s raw [[material]] is not the [[unconscious]] itself (which is by definition inaccesible), but material that has already been shaped by the [[dream-work]]. --> The central factor in the [[analytic treatment]] is the [[transference]] that allows [[unconscious]] or [[repressed]] material to be reactualized in [[verbal]] [[form]] rather than reproduced in [[symptom]]s, and [[projection|projected]] onto the [[analyst]]. In a classic [[Freud]]ian [[psychoanalysis]], the [[analysand]] has daily sessions of [[analysis]], each lasting fifty minutes (the so-called 'analytic hour'); the payment of fees is held to have great [[symbolic]] importance. [[Freud]] never claimed that his method was a [[universal]] panacea, but once remarked with typically [[pessimistic]] wit that it could transform "[[hysterical]] misery" into "common unhappiness."<ref>1893-5.</ref> Although [[psychoanalysis]] is widely practiced and has had an important influence on related therapeutic methods, it has never been defined in either medical or [[legal]] [[terms]]. The [[profession]] is self-regulated and its standards of [[practice]] are defined by the various national [[associations]] recognized by the [[International Psycho-Analytical Association]]. The would-be [[psychoanalyst]] undertakes a personal [[analysis]] before embarking upon a rigorous [[training]] [[analysis]] designed to promote a [[recognition]] of the importance of [[transference]] and [[counter-transference]]. Qualified [[analysts]] normally work under the supervision of their seniors, and usually undertake at least one "second analysis." The first generation of [[psychoanalysts]] were, like [[Freud]] himself, doctors of [[medicine]], but suitably qualified non-medical or lay analysts were admitted to the profession from the 1920s onwards.<ref>Freud. 1926a.</ref> The desirability or otherwise of medical qualifications is a matter for the various national associations. The question of the scientific [[nature]] of [[psychoanalysis]] remains controversial. [[Freud]]'s own career was punctuated by a series of breaks with colleagues to whom he had once been close, and the history of the [[psychoanalytic]] movement is one of splits and schisms as well as of international expansion. All the major tendencies within contemporary psychoanalysis [[claim]] a [[Freudian]] ancestry, but take as their [[stating]]-point different periods in his work or different aspects of his theories. Very schematically, the main post-Freudian currents within [[psychoanalysis]] are [[ego-psychology]], [[Kleinian psychoanalysis]], [[object-relations theory]] and [[Lacanian psychoanalysis]]. ==NotesJacques Lacan==[[Lacan]] trained initially as a [[psychiatrist]], and turned to [[psychoanalysis]] to [[help]] him with his [[psychiatric]] research. This then led [[Lacan]] to train as a [[psychoanalyst]] himself in the 1930s. From then on, until his [[death]] in 1981, he dedicated himself to practicing as an [[analyst]] and developing [[psychoanalytic theory]]. In the [[process]], [[Lacan]] constructed a highly original way of discussing [[psychoanalysis]] which both reflected and determined an original way of conducting the [[treatment]]; in this [[sense]] it is thus possible to [[speak]] of a specifically [[Lacanian]] form of [[psychoanalytic treatment]]. However, [[Lacan]] never admits that he has created a distinctive "[[Lacanian]]" form of [[psychoanalysis]]. On the contrary, when he describes his own approach to [[psychoanalysis]], he speaks only of "[[psychoanalysis]]," thus implying that his own approach is the only authentic form of [[psychoanalysis]], the only one which is truly in line with [[Freud]]'s approach. Thus the [[three]] major non-[[Lacanian]] [[school]]s of [[psychoanalytic theory]] ([[Kleinian psychoanalysis]], [[Ego-psychology]], [[Object-relations theory]]) are all, in [[Lacan]]'s view, deviations from authentic [[psychoanalysis]] whose errors his own [[return to Freud]] is designed to correct. From the very beginning, [[Lacan]] argues that [[psychoanalytic theory]] is a [[scientific]] rather than a [[religious]] mode of [[discourse]], with a specific [[object]]. Attempts to apply [[concepts]] developed in psychoanalytic theory to [[other]] [[objects]] cannot claim to be doing "applied psychoanalysis," since [[psychoanalytic theory]] is not a general [[master]] discourse but the theory of a specific [[situation]].<ref>{{Ec}} p. 747</ref> [[Psychoanalysis]] is an [[autonomous]] discipline; it may borrow concepts from many other disciplines, but this does not meant that it is dependent on any of [[them]], since it reworks these concepts in a unique way. Thus psychoanalysis is not a brance of [[psychology]], nor of medicine, nor of [[philosophy]], nor of [[linguistics]], and it is certainly not a form of [[psychotherapy]], since its aim is not to "[[cure]]" but to articulate [[truth]]. ==See Also=={{See}}* [[Psychology]]* [[Unconscious]]{{Also}} <div style="font-size:11px" class="references-small">
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[[Category:Dictionary]]
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