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Psychoanalysis

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==Sigmund Freud==
[[Freud]] describes [[psychoanalysis]] as comprising:
# a [[discipline]] founded on a procedure for the investigation of [[mental]] [[processes]] that are otherwise inaccessible because they are [[unconscious]];
# a therapeutic method for the treatment of [[neurotic]] disorders; and
# a [[body]] of [[psychological]] data evolving into a new scientific discipline.
psychoanalysis <!-- [[Freud]]'s [[third]] and broadest [[category]] comprises his [[work]] on [[culture]] (psychanalyse) Psychoanalysis which is the theory and practice initiated by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) founded based largely on the discovery of the unconscious. Freud distinguishes between psychoanalysis as (i) a method for investigating unconscious mental processes, (ii) a method for treating neurotic disorders, and (iii) view that culture is a set product of theories about the mental processes revealed by the psychoanalytic method diversion or [[sublimation]] of investigation [[sexual]] [[energy]]) and treatment (Freud, 1923a: SE XVIII, 235). The word 'psychoanalysis' on its own is therefore ambiguous, since it can refer to psychoanalysis as a practice, or to psychoanalysis as a theory, or to both. In this dictionary, when it is necessary to avoid this ambiguityart, which provides the term 'psychoanalytic treatment' is used to refer to psychoanalysis as a practice and starting-point for the term 'many varieties of [[psychoanalytic theory' is used to refer to psychoanalysis as a body of thoughtcriticism]].-->
Lacan trained initially as a psychiatrist, Although the [[history]] of [[psychoanalysis]] is inseparable from that of [[Freud]]'s [[life]] and turned of the long [[self]]-analysis which led him to psychoanalysis to help him with write his great ''[[Interpretation of Dreams]]'' (1900), it is clear that his psychiatric research. This then led Lacan to train as a psychoanalyst himself new [[science]] is rooted in the 1930straditions of nineteenth-century psychology and [[biology]]. From then on, until his death in 1981 [[Freud]]'s ventures into [[anthropology]], which he dedicated himself to practising views as an analyst integral part of his new scientific discipline, are also influenced by nineteenth-century theories of evolution and developing psychoanalytic theory. In by their attendant eurocentrism; hence the analogy between the process"mental life of savages and neurotics" posited in ''[[Totem and Taboo]]'' (1913), Lacan constructed a highly original way and the argument that the life of discussing psychoanalysis which both reflected and determined an original way [[individual]] re-enacts or repeats the life of conducting the treatment; in this sense it [[species]]. It is thus possible to speak of a specifically Lacanian form of psychoanalytic treatment. However, Lacan never admits also clear that he has created a distinctive [[Freud]]'Lacanian' form s descriptions of the workings of psychoanalysis. On the contrary[[unconscious]], when he describes his own approach to psychoanalysiswith it s flows of energy, he speaks only and of [[libido]] and its mechanisms of 'psychoanalysis'[[discharge]], thus implying that his own approach is owe much to the only authentic form [[physics]] and hydraulics of psychoanalysis, the only one which is truly in line with Freud's approachhis age. Thus the three major non-Lacanian
schools <!-- [[Freud]] constantly revises and reworks his theories, and all the modifications he introduces are closely related to developments at the [[clinical]] level as he gradually abandons the therapeutic [[technique]] of [[hypnosis]] and [[catharsis]] in favor of psychoanalytic the [[talking cure]], and moves from his early [[seduction theory (KLEINIAN PSYCHOANALYSIS]] of [[hysteria]] to a [[theory]] of both [[neurosis]] and normal [[development]] that is based upon the discovery of the [[Oedipus complex]] and its vital importance in [[psychosexual]] development. Yet despite all the changes that are introduced, there is a constant emphasis on the [[unconscious'' and on sexuality, defined in such broad terms as to include the oral and anal dimensions and not merely the narrowly genital or procreative dimension. It is the emphasis on sexuality that leads to the major disagreements between [[Freud]] and [[Jung]], whom the former at one point regarded as his crown prince. [[Freud]]'s theories are obviously not beyond criticism, EGObut they have had an incalculable impact on the twentieth-PSYCHOLOGYcentury [[vision]] of [[sexuality]],not least by insisting the [[children]] are not asexual and have a [[sexual life]] of their own.<ref>1905a. 1908a.</ref> The best account of the gradual development of the technique of [[psychoanalysis]] is that provided by [[Freud]] himself in his correspondence with [[Wilhelm Fliess]], with whom he collaborated in the 1980s, in the studies n [[hysteria]] coauthored with [[Breuer]], and in the five published [[case]] studies. -->
OBJECT-RELATIONS THEORY) are allThe technique that evolved is the method of [[free association]], in Lacan'with the patient or analysand lying on a couch and with the analyst sitting slightly to the rear and out of eyeshot. The [[patient]] is required to tell everything and omit [[nothing]]; the [[analyst]] to listen to everything and to privilege nothing. [[Free association]] around [[dreams]] or [[memories]] allows [[unconscious]] [[chain]]s viewof [[fantasies]] and [[wish]]es to be reconstructed and then [[interpreted]] so as to uncover underlying [[structures]], deviations from authenticwhich, typically, relate to the [[Oedipus complex]] and [[repressed]] [[childhood]] [[memories]], usually with a sexual [[content]].
psychoanalysis whose errors his own return <!-- Although [[dream]]s are described by [[Freud]] as "the royal road to Freud the unconscious," (1900) it should be noted that the [[psychoanalyst]]'s raw [[material]] is not the [[unconscious]] itself (which is designed to correctby definition inaccesible), but material that has already been shaped by the [[dream-work]].-->
The central factor in the [[analytic treatment]] is the [[transference]] that allows [[unconscious]] or [[repressed]] material to be reactualized in [[verbal]] [[form]] rather than reproduced in [[symptom]]s, and [[projection|projected]] onto the [[analyst]]. In a classic [[Freud]]ian [[psychoanalysis]], the [[analysand]] has daily sessions of [[analysis]], each lasting fifty minutes (See FREUDthe so-called 'analytic hour'); the payment of fees is held to have great [[symbolic]] importance. [[Freud]] never claimed that his method was a [[universal]] panacea, RETURN TObut once remarked with typically [[pessimistic]] wit that it could transform "[[hysterical]] misery" into "common unhappiness."<ref>1893-5.)</ref>
From Although [[psychoanalysis]] is widely practiced and has had an important influence on related therapeutic methods, it has never been defined in either medical or [[legal]] [[terms]]. The [[profession]] is self-regulated and its standards of [[practice]] are defined by the various national [[associations]] recognized by the [[International Psycho-Analytical Association]]. The would-be [[psychoanalyst]] undertakes a personal [[analysis]] before embarking upon a rigorous [[training]] [[analysis]] designed to promote a [[recognition]] of the importance of [[transference]] and [[counter-transference]]. Qualified [[analysts]] normally work under the very beginningsupervision of their seniors, and usually undertake at least one "second analysis." The first generation of [[psychoanalysts]] were, like [[Freud]] himself, doctors of [[medicine]], Lacan argues that psychoanalytic theory but suitably qualified non-medical or lay analysts were admitted to the profession from the 1920s onwards.<ref>Freud. 1926a.</ref> The desirability or otherwise of medical qualifications is amatter for the various national associations. The question of the scientific [[nature]] of [[psychoanalysis]] remains controversial.
scientific rather than [[Freud]]'s own career was punctuated by a series of breaks with colleagues to whom he had once been close, and the history of the [[psychoanalytic]] movement is one of splits and schisms as well as of international expansion. All the major tendencies within contemporary psychoanalysis [[claim]] a religious mode [[Freudian]] ancestry, but take as their [[stating]]-point different periods in his work or different aspects of discourse (see his theories. Very schematically, the main post-Freudian currents within [[psychoanalysis]] are [[ego-psychology]], [[ScienceKleinian psychoanalysis]]), with a[[object-relations theory]] and [[Lacanian psychoanalysis]].
specific object==Jacques Lacan==[[Lacan]] trained initially as a [[psychiatrist]], and turned to [[psychoanalysis]] to [[help]] him with his [[psychiatric]] research. This then led [[Lacan]] to train as a [[psychoanalyst]] himself in the 1930s. Attempts From then on, until his [[death]] in 1981, he dedicated himself to apply concepts developed practicing as an [[analyst]] and developing [[psychoanalytic theory]]. In the [[process]], [[Lacan]] constructed a highly original way of discussing [[psychoanalysis]] which both reflected and determined an original way of conducting the [[treatment]]; in this [[sense]] it is thus possible to [[speak]] of a specifically [[Lacanian]] form of [[psychoanalytictreatment]]. However, [[Lacan]] never admits that he has created a distinctive "[[Lacanian]]" form of [[psychoanalysis]]. On the contrary, when he describes his own approach to [[psychoanalysis]], he speaks only of "[[psychoanalysis]]," thus implying that his own approach is the only authentic form of [[psychoanalysis]], the only one which is truly in line with [[Freud]]'s approach. Thus the [[three]] major non-[[Lacanian]] [[school]]s of [[psychoanalytic theory]] ([[Kleinian psychoanalysis]], [[Ego-psychology]], [[Object-relations theory]]) are all, in [[Lacan]]'s view, deviations from authentic [[psychoanalysis]] whose errors his own [[return to Freud]] is designed to correct.
From the very beginning, [[Lacan]] argues that [[psychoanalytic theory ]] is a [[scientific]] rather than a [[religious]] mode of [[discourse]], with a specific [[object]]. Attempts to apply [[concepts]] developed in psychoanalytic theory to [[other ]] [[objects ]] cannot claim to be doing '"applied psychoanalysis'," since [[psychoanalytic theory]] is not a general [[master]] discourse but the theory of a specific [[situation]].<ref>{{Ec}} p. 747</ref> [[Psychoanalysis]] is an [[autonomous]] discipline; it may borrow concepts from many other disciplines, but this does not meant that it is dependent on any of [[them]], since it reworks these concepts in a unique way. Thus psychoanalysis is not a brance of [[psychology]], nor of medicine, nor of [[philosophy]], nor of [[linguistics]], and it is certainly not a form of [[psychotherapy]], since its aim is not to "[[cure]]" but to articulate [[truth]].
since psychoanalytic theory is not a general master discourse but the theory of
a specific situation (Ec, 747). Psychoanalysis is an autonomous discipline; it==See Also=={{See}}* [[Psychology]]* [[Unconscious]]{{Also}}
may borrow concepts from many other disciplines, but this does not mean that it is dependent on any of them, since it reworks these concepts in a unique way. Thus psychoanalysis is not a branch of PSYCHOLOGY (S20, 77), nor of medicine, nor of PHILOSOPHY (S20, 42), nor of LINGUISTIcs (S20, 20), and it is certainly not a form of psychotherapy (Ec, 324), since its aim is not to 'cure' but to articulate truth.    == References <div style="font-size:11px" class="references-small">
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</div>[[Category:LacanDictionary]][[Category:Terms]][[Category:Concepts]][[Category:Psychoanalysis]]__NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__
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