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Thus [[psychology (psychologie) In his pre-1950 writings]] is reduced to general laws of behavior which apply to all [[animal]]s, including [[human]] [[being]]s; [[Lacan sees psychoanalysis ]] rejects "the [[doctrine]] of a discontinuity between animal psychology and human psychology as parallel disciplines which can cross-fertilise each otheris far away from our [[thought]]."<ref>{{Ec}} p. Although he is very critical of the conceptual inadequacies of associationist psychology484</ref> However, [[Lacan argues that psychoanalysis can help ]] vigorously rejects the [[biology|behaviorist theory]] according to build an 'authentic psychology' free from such errors by providing it with truly scientific concepts such as which the IMAGo and same general laws of behaviour are sufficient to explain all [[human]] [[psychic]] phenomena. Only [[psychoanalysis]], which uncovers the COMPLEx (Lacan[[linguistics|linguistic basis]] of [[human]] [[subjectivity]], 1936)is adequate to explain those psychic phenomena which are specifically [[human]].

makes of such comparisons, it is clear that Lacan's discussions of [[Psychosis]]===Latest Work=== are among In the most significant and original aspects of his work.  Lacan's most detailed discussion of [[Psychosis{{Y}}|1960s]] appears in his seminar of  1955-6, entitled simply The Pychoses. It is here that he expounds what come  to be the main tenets of the Lacanian approach tO MADNESs. distance between [[Psychosispsychoanalysis]] is defined  as one of the three clinical and [[Structurepsychology]]S, one of which is defmed by the operation of FORECLOSURE. In this operation, the NAME-OF-THE-FATHER is not integrated emphasised further in  the [[SymbolicLacan]] universe of the psychotic (it is 'foreclosed'), with the result that a  hole is left in the s [[SymbolicWorks of Jacques Lacan|work]] order. To speak of a hole in the [[SymbolicLacan]] order is  not to say argues that the psychotic does not have an unconscious: on the contrary, in [[Psychosispsychology]] 'the unconscious is present but not functioning' (S3, 208). The psychotic structure thus results from essentially a certain malfunction tool of the Oedipus complex"technocratic exploitation", a lack in the paternal function<ref>{{Ec}} p.851; more specifically, in [[Psychosis]] the paternal function {{Ec}} p. 832</ref> and that it is reduced to the image of the father (dominated by the [[Symbolicdelusion|illusions]] is reduced  to the of [[Imaginary]]).  In Lacanian psychoanalysis it is important to distinguish between [[Psychosislack|wholeness]],  which is a clinical structure, and psychotic phenomena such aS [[DELUSIONSimaginary|synthesis]] and  HALLUCINATIONS. Two conditions are required for psychotic phenomena to  emerge: the subject must have a psychotic structure, and the Name-of-the-  Father must be 'called into [[Symbolicnature]] opposition to the subject' (E, 217). In the  absence of the first condition, no confrontation with the paternal signifier will  ever lead to psychotic phenomena; a neurotic can never 'become psychotic'  (see S3, 15). In the absence of the second condition, the psychotic structure  will remain latent. It is thus conceivable that a subject may have a psychotic  structure and yet never develop [[Delusionsinstinct]] or experience hallucinations. When  both conditions are fulfilled, the [[Psychosisautonomy]] is 'triggered off', the latent and [[Psychosisconsciousness|self-consciousness]] becomes manifest in hallucinations and.<ref>{{Ec}} p. 832</or ref> [[DelusionsPsychoanalysis]].  Lacan bases his arguments , on a detailed reading of the Schreber case (Freudother hand,  1911c). Daniel Paul Schreber was an Appeal Court judge in Dresden who  wrote an account of his paranoid [[Delusions]]; an analysis of subverts these writings  constitutes Freud's most important contribution to the study of [[Psychosisillusion]].  Lacan argues that Schreber's [[Psychosis]] was triggered off cherished by both his failure  to produce a child and his election to an important position in the judiciary;  both of these experiences confronted him with the question of paternity in the  [[Realpsychology]], and thus called the Name-of-the-Father into [[Symbolic]] opposition with the subject.  In the 1970s Lacan reformulates his approach to [[Psychosis]] around the notion  of the [[BORROMEAN KNOT]]. The three rings in the knot represent the three orders:  the this [[Realsense]], "the [[SymbolicFreudian]] and the [[Imaginaryenunciation]]. While in neurosis these three rings  are linked together in a particular way, in has [[Psychosisnothing]] they become disentangled.  This psychotic dissociation may sometimes however be avoided by a sympto-  matic formation which acts as a fourth ring holding the other three together  (see SINTHOME).  Lacan follows Freud in arguing that while [[Psychosis]] is of great interest for However, from 1950 on, there is a gradual but constant tendency to dissociate psychoanalysis from psychology. Lacan begins by arguing that psychology is confined to an understanding of animal do with psychology (ethol- ogy): 'The psychological is, if we try to grasp it as firmly as possible, the ethological, that is the whole of the biological individual's behaviour in relation to his natural environment' (S3, 7). This is not to say that it cannot say anything about human beings, for humans are also animals, but that it  cannot say anything about that which is uniquely human (although at one point Lacan does state that the theory of the ego and of narcissism 'extend' modern ethological research; Ec, 472). Thus psychology is reduced to general laws of behaviour which apply to all animals, including human beings; Lacan rejects 'the doctrine of a discontinuity between animal psychology and human psychology which is far away from our thought' (Ec, 484)<ref>{{S17}} p. However, Lacan vigorously rejects the behaviourist theory according to which the same general laws of behaviour are sufficient to explain all human psychic phenomena. Only psychoanalysis, which uncovers the linguistic basis of human subjectivity, is adequate to explain those psychic phenomena which are specifically human.  In the 1960s the distance between psychoanalysis and psychology is empha- sised further in Lacan's work. Lacan argues that psychology is essentially a tool of 'technocratic exploitation' (Ec, 851; see Ec, 832), and that it is dominated by the illusions of wholeness and synthesiS, NATURE and instinct, autonomy and self-consciousness (Ec, 832). Psychoanalysis, on the other hand, subverts these illusions cherished by psychology, and in this sense 'the Freudian enunciation has nothing to do with psychology' (Sl7, 144). </ref> For example the most cherished [[illusion ]] of [[psychology ]] is '"the [[unity ]] of the subject' (",<ref>{{E, }} p. 294)</ref>, and [[psychoanalysis ]] subverts this [[notion ]] by demonstrating that the [[subject ]] is irremediably [[split ]] or 'barred'"[[bar]]red".