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In [[LacanPsychosis]]ian is a nosological [[category]] distinct from [psychoanalysis[neurosis]], it is important to distinguish between and [[psychosisperversion]] -- which . It is a ''brought [[clinical structureabout]]'' -- by the [[psychosis|psychotic phenomenaforeclosure]] -- such as of a primordial [[delusionssignifier]] and , the [[hallucinationsName-of-the-Father]].

Two conditions are required for In his seminar of 1955-56 ([[psychosisSeminar III|psychotic phenomenaSeminar III, ''The Psychoses'']]), Lacan argues that there is a [[defense mechanism]] specific to emerge:* [[psychosis]] on the grounds that the peculiarly invasive and devastating [[subjectnature]] must have a of psychotics' delusional systems and hallucinations indicates major [[psychoticstructural]] differences between [[structurepsychosis]], and* the [[Nameneurosis]].<!-of-theThe term [[psychosis]] is used in many ways, but in general refers to [[people]] [[suffering]] from so-Fathercalled [[schizophrenia]], with [[hallucination]]s and [[delusion]]s; manic [[depression]]; various [[paranoia|paranoid states]]; and severe hypochondrial, [[obsessional neurosis|obsessional]], or [[narcissism|narcissistic states]]. The term "[[psychosis]] must be "called into is used in [[symbolicpsychoanalysis]] opposition to the describe a ''severe [[mental]] disorder'', more serious than [[neurosis]], characterized by disorganized [[thought]] [[processes]], disorientation in [[time]] and [[space]], [[hallucination]]s, and [[delusion]]s. Types of [[psychosis]] include [[paranoia]], [[manic depression]], [[megalomania]], and [[subjectschizophrenia]]."<ref>{{E}} p[[Psychosis]] has many different forms: [[paranoia]], [[schizophrenia]], and [[manic-depression]].217</ref> Common features are difficult to define exactly, but psychoanalytically [[speaking]] one can see [[three]] broad features in psychotic patients:

In the absence # A [[particular]] relation to reality# A special relation of the first condition, no confrontation with the subject to his [[Name-speech]];# A particular structure ofthe subject-the-Father|paternal signifier>==Sigmund Freud==It is [[true]] will ever lead to that Freud had found that the [[psychosis|discourse]] of the psychotic and the apparently bizarre and meaningless phenomenaof psychosis could be deciphered and [[understood]]; a , just as [[neuroticdreams]] can never "become . Freud's [[analysis]] of the psychotic[[Schreber]]'s memoirs thus broke with contemporary approaches to psychosis, which regarded psychotics as beyond the limits of [[understanding]] (Freud, 1951)."<ref>{{S3}} p.15</ref>

In However, as Lacan points out, the absence fact that the psychotic's discourse is just as interpretable as that of the second condition, neurotic leaves the two disorders at the same level and fails to account for the major differences between [[psychoticthem]] , thus the [[structure]] will remain [[latentdistinction]]between the two remains to be explained. It is around this issue of the different mechanisms in psychosis and neurosis that Lacan's major contribution to the study of psychosis revolves.

It Freud claims that in both neurosis and psychosis there is thus conceivable that a [[subjectwithdrawal]] of investment, or [[object]]-[[cathexis]], from [[objects]] in the [[world]]. In the [[case]] of neurosis the object-cathexis is retained, but is invested in fantasized objects in the neurotic's [[internal]] world. In the case of psychosis the withdrawn cathexis is invested in the ego at the expense of all object-[[cathexes]], even in [[fantasy]]. This turning of [[libido]] may have a upon the ego accounts for [[psychoticsymptoms]] such as [[structurehypochondria]] and yet never develop megalomania. The delusional [[delusionssystem]] or experience , the most striking feature of psychosis, arises in a second [[stage]]. Freud characterizes the [[construction]] of a delusional system as an attempt at recovery in which the psychotic re-establishes a new, often very intense, relation with the people and things in the world by way of a delusional [[hallucinationformation]]s.

When both conditions are fulfilled, the ==Jacques Lacan=====History===[[Lacan]] discussed [[psychosis]] throughout his [[Jacques Lacan:Bibliography|work]]. His interest in [[psychosis]] predates his interest in [[psychoanalysis]]. [[Jacques Lacan]] studied [[psychosis]] is for his doctoral research about a [[woman]] he calls "[[Aimee]]."triggered off<ref>{{1932}}</ref> Indeed it was his doctoral research," which concerned a [[psychotic]] [[woman]] whom [[Lacan]] calls [[Aimée]] that first led [[Lacan]] to [[psychoanalytic theory]].<ref>{{1932}}</ref> It is common to compare [[Lacan]]'s tortured and at [[times]] almost incomprehensible style of [[writing]] and speaking to the discourse of [[psychotic]] [[patient]]s. [[latentLacan]] 's discussions of [[psychosis]] becomes are among the most significant and original aspects of his [[work]]. [[Lacan]]'s most detailed [[discussion]] of [[manifestpsychosis]] appears in his [[hallucinationseminar]]s and/or of 1955-6, entitled simply ''[[Seminar III|The Psychoses]]''. It is here that he expounds what come to be the main tenets of the [[Lacan]]ian approach to [[delusionsmadness]].

===Psychosis and the Borromean KnotThe Psychotic Relation to Reality===In his articles on [[psychosis]] [[Freud]] noted the [[psychotic]]'s altered relation to [[reality]]. The 'imaginary [[external]] world' of a psychosis attempts to put itself in [[place]] of the 'external world'. (In Lacanian [[terms]], there are altered relations between [[the Imaginary]] and Real Orders, in parallel with an alteration in [[the Symbolic]] Order).

In studying [[psychosis]] Lacan stated, following [[Freud]], that "the problem lies not in the reality that is lost, but in that which takes its place."<ref>{{E}} p. 188-9</ref> Lacan emphasized the 'rent' or [[gap]] that appears in the relation of the psychotic subject to the world, and the nature of the 'patch' which the psychotic subject applies over this gap.<!-- ====Psychotic Phenomena==== --><!-- In [[Lacan]]ian [[psychoanalysis]] it is important to distinguish between [[psychosis]], which is a [[clinical structure]], and [[psychotic]] phenomena such as [[delusions]] and [[hallucinations]]. Two [[conditions]] are required for psychotic phenomena to emerge: the [[subject]] must have a [[psychotic]] [[structure]], and the [[Name-of-the-Father]] must be "called into symbolic opposition to the subject."<ref>{{E}} p. 217</ref> In the [[absence]] of the first condition, no confrontation with the paternal signifier will ever lead to psychotic phenomena; a [[neurotic]] can never "become psychotic."<ref>{{S3}} p. 15</ref> In the [[absence]] of the second condition, the [[psychotic]] [[structure]] will remain [[latent]]. It is thus conceivable that a [[subject]] may have a [[psychotic]] [[structure]] and yet never develop [[delusions]] or [[experience]] [[hallucination]]s. When both conditions are fulfilled, the [[psychosis]] is "triggered off," the latent [[psychosis]] becomes [[manifest]] in [[hallucination]]s and/or [[delusions]]. --><!-- ==[[Borromean Knot]]== --><!-- In the 1970s [[Lacan]] reformulates his approach to [[psychosis]] around the [[notion ]] of the [[borromean knot]].The three rings in the [[knot]] [[represent]] the three [[orders]]: the [[real]], the [[symbolic]] and the [[imaginary]]. While in [[neurosis]] these three rings are linked together in a particular way, in [[psychosis]] they become disentangled. This [[psychotic]] disassociation may sometimes however be avoided by a [[sinthome|symptomaatic formation]] which [[acts]] as a fourth ring holding the [[other]] three together. -->

The three rings in the ===Schreber===In his [[seminar]] on [[psychosis]] ([[{{Y}}|1955-6]]) [[Lacan]] tackled [[knotFreud]] represent the three 's case [[ordershistory]]: the of [[realJudge Schreber]], a [[paranoid]] [[schizophrenic]] who wrote a fascinating account of his illnesss entitled ''Memoirs of My Nervous [[Illness]]'' (1903). Lacan's essay "On a question preliminary to any possible treatment of psychosis (1957-8)' enlarged on the [[symbolicideas]] and the of this [[imaginaryseminar]].

While ===Treatment===[[Freud]] was skeptical about the possibility of practising [[psychoanalysis]] with [[psychotic]] [[patients]]. [[Lacan]] follows [[Freud]] in arguing that while [[psychosis]] is of great interest for [[psychoanalytic theory]], it is [[outside]] the field of the classical method of [[psychoanalytic treatment]], which is only appropriate for [[neurosis]] these three rings are linked together in a particular way, in ; "to use the [[technique]] that [[psychosisFreud]] they become disentangledestablished outside the experience to which it was applied (i.e. neurosis) is as stupid as to toil at the oars when the ship is on the sand."<ref>{{E}} p.221</ref>

<!-- Not only is the classical method of [[psychoanalytic treatment]] inappropriate for [[psychotic]] [[subject]]s, but it is even contraindicated. For example [[Lacan]] points out that the technique of [[psychoanalysis]], which involves the use of the couch and [[free association]], can easily trigger off a latent [[psychosis]].<ref>{{S3}} p. 15</ref> This is the [[reason]] why [[Lacan]]ian [[analyst]]s usually follow [[Freud]]'s recommendation to begin the [[treatment]] of a new [[patient]] with a series of face-to-face interviews.<ref>{{F}} p.1913c. [[SE]] XII. 123-4</ref> Only when the [[analyst]] is reasonably sure that the [[patient]] is not [[psychotic]] disassociation may sometimes however will the [[patient]] be avoided asked to lie down on the couch and [[free association|free associate]]. -->This does not mean that Lacanian [[analysts]] do not work with [[psychotic]] [[patient]]s. On the contrary, much work has been done by [[Lacanian]] [[analyst]]s in the [[treatment]] of [[psychosis]]. However, the method of [[treatment]] differs substantially from that used with [[neurotic]] and [[perverse]] [[patient]]s. [[Lacan]] himself works with [[psychotic]] [[patient]]s but left very few comments on the technique he employed; rather than setting out a technical procedure for [[working]] with [[psychosis]], he limited himself to discussing the questions preliminary to any such work.<ref>{{L}} p. 1957-8b</ref><!-- [[Lacan]] rejects the approach of those who [[limit]] their analysis of [[psychosis]] to the [[imaginary order]]; "[[nothing]] is to be expected from the way psychosis is explored at the level of the [[imaginary]], since [[the imaginary]] [[mechanism]] is what gives psychotic [[alienation]] its [[form]], but not its dynamics."<ref>{{S3}} p. 146</ref> It is only by focusing on the [[symbolic order]] that [[Lacan]] is able to point to the fundamental determining element of [[psychosis]], namely, the hole in the [[symbolic]] [[order]] caused by [[foreclosure]] and the consequent "imprisonment" of the psychotic subject in the imaginary. It is also this emphasis on the [[sinthome|symptomatic formationsymbolic order]] which acts as a fourth ring holding leads [[Lacan]] to [[value]] above all the [[linguistic]] phenomena in [[psychosis]]: "the importance given to language phenomena in psychosis is for us the other three togethermsot fruitful lesson of all."<ref>{{S3}} p.144</ref> -->

===Psychosis and The Relation of the Classical Method of Psychoanalytic TreamentSubject to his Speech===Lacan asserted that the failure to take account of the relation of the subject to his speech had resulted in a failure to [[understand]] psychotic phenomena.

[[Lacan]] follows [[Freud]] in arguing that <!-- while [[psychosis]] is of great interest for [[psychoanalytic theory]] ====Language Disorders==== -- it is outside the field of the classical method of [[psychoanalytic treatment]], which is only appropriate for [[neurosis]].><blockquote>"To use the technique that !-- The [[Freudlanguage]] established outside the experience to which it was applied (i.e. neurosis) is as stupid as to toil at the oars when the ship is on the sand."<ref>{{E}} p.221</ref></blockquote> Not only is the classical method of phenomena most notable in [[psychoanalytic treatmentpsychosis]] inappropriate for are ''disorders'' of [[psychotic]] [[subjectlanguage]]s, but it is even contraindicated. For example and [[Lacan]] points out argues that the technique of [[psychoanalysispresence]], which involves the use of the couch and [[free association]], can easily trigger off such disorders is a necessary condition for a [[latent]] diagnosis of [[psychosis]].<ref>{{S3}} p.1592</ref> This is Among the reason why [[psychotic language disorders which Lacan]]ian [[analyst]]s usually follow [[Freud]]'s recommendation draws attention to begin are holophrases and the [[treatment]] extensive use of a neologisms (which may be completely new [[patientwords]] with a series of face-to-face interviewscoined by the psychotic, or already existing words which the psychotic redefines).<ref>{{FEc}} p.1913c. [[SE]] XII. 123-4167</ref> Only when the In [[analyst{{Y}}|1956]] is reasonably sure that the , [[patientLacan]] is not attributes these [[psychoticlanguage]] will the [[patient]] be asked disorders to lie down on the couch and [[free association|free associate]]. ===Psychosis and the Lacanian Method of Psychoanalytic Treament=== This does not mean that [[Lacan]]ian [[analyst]]s do not work with [[psychotic]] [[patient]]'s. On the contrary, much work has been done by [[Lacanianlack]] of a sufficient [[analyst]]s in the [[treatmentnumber]] of ''[[psychosispoints de capiton]]''.--> However, the method <!-- The lack of sufficient ''[[treatmentpoints de capiton]] differs substantially from '' means that used with the psychotic experience is characterized by a constant [[neuroticslippage]] and of the [[perversesignified]] under the signifier, which is a disaster for [[patient]]s. [[Lacansignification]] himself works with [[psychotic]] [[patient]]s but left very few comments on the technique he employed; rather than setting out there is a technical procedure for working with continual "cascade of reshapings of the signifier fromw hich the increasing disaster of the imaginary proceeds, until the level is reached at which signifier and signified are stablized in the delusional [[psychosismetaphor]], he limited himself to discussing the questions preliminary to any such work."<ref>{{LE}} p.1957-8b217</ref>     ===Psychosis and the Symbolic Order=== [[LacanAnother]] rejects the approach way of those who limit their analysis of [[psychosis]] to the [[imaginary order]]. <blockquote>describing this is as "Nothing is to be expected from the way a [[psychosisrelationship]] is explored at between the level of subject and the signifier in its most [[imaginary]], since the [[imaginary]] mechanism is what gives [[psychoticformal]] [[alienationdimension]] its form, but not in its dynamicsdimension as a pure signifier."<ref>{{S3}} p.146250</ref></blockquote> It is only by focusing on This relationship of the [[symbolic order]] that [[Lacan]] is able to point subject to the fundamental determining element signifier in its purely formal aspect constitutes "the nucleus of [[psychosis]], namely, the hole in the [[symbolic]] [[order]] caused by [[foreclosure]] and the consequent ."imprisonment" of the [[psychotic]] [[subject]] in the [[imaginary]]<ref>{{S3}} p. It is also this emphasis on the [[symbolic]] [[order]] which leads [[Lacan]] to value above all the [[linguistics|linguistic phenomena]] in [[psychosis]]:  250<blockquote/ref>"The importance given to If the neurotic inhabits language phenomena in psychosis , the psychotic is for us the msot fruitful lesson of allinhabited, possessed, by language."<ref>{{S3}} p.144250</ref></blockquote-->

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