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{{ToppToppp}}psychose]]|-|| [[German]]: ''[[Psychose{{Bottom}}

The term "It is [[true]] that Freud had found that the [[discourse]] of the psychotic and the apparently bizarre and meaningless phenomena of psychosiscould be deciphered and [[understood]]" is used in , just as [[psychoanalysisdreams]] to describe a ''severe mental disordercan. Freud's [[analysis]] of the psychotic [[Schreber]]'s memoirs thus broke with contemporary approaches to psychosis, more serious than which regarded psychotics as beyond the limits of [[neurosisunderstanding]](Freud, characterized by disorganized thought processes1951). However, disorientation in time as Lacan points out, the fact that the psychotic's discourse is just as interpretable as that of the neurotic leaves the two disorders at the same level and space, hallucinationsfails to account for the major differences between [[them]], thus the [[distinction]] between the two remains to be explained. It is around this issue of the different mechanisms in psychosis and delusionsneurosis that Lacan's major contribution to the study of psychosis revolves.

ParanoiaFreud claims that in both neurosis and psychosis there is a [[withdrawal]] of investment, manic depressionor [[object]]-[[cathexis]], from [[objects]] in the [[world]]. In the [[case]] of neurosis the object-cathexis is retained, but is invested in fantasized objects in the neurotic's [[internal]] world. In the case of psychosis the withdrawn cathexis is invested in the ego at the expense of all object-[[cathexes]], even in [[fantasy]]. This turning of [[libido]] upon the ego accounts for [[symptoms]] such as [[hypochondria]] and megalomania. The delusional [[system]], the most striking feature of psychosis, arises in a second [[stage]]. Freud characterizes the [[construction]] of a delusional system as an attempt at recovery in which the psychotic re-establishes a new, often very intense, relation with the people and schizophrenia are all psychosesthings in the world by way of a delusional [[formation]].

===History===[[Lacan]]'s interest in discussed [[psychosis]] predates throughout his interest in [[psychoanalysis]]. Indeed it was his doctoral research, which concerned a psychotic woman whom [[Jacques Lacan]] calls [[Aimée]] that first led [[Lacan]] to [[psychoanalytic theory]].<ref>{{L}} 1932.</ref> [[Lacan]]'s most detailed discussion of [[psychosis]] appears in his [[seminar]] of 1955-6, entitled simply ''[[Seminar III:Bibliography|The Psychoseswork]]''. [[Psychosis]] is defined as one of the three [[clinical structure]]s, one of hwihc is defined by the operation of [[foreclosure]]. In this operation, the [[Name-of-the-Father]] is not integrated in the [[symbolic order|symbolic universe]] of the [[psychotic]] (it is "[[foreclosed]]"), with the result that a hole is left in the [[symbolic order]]. To speak of a hole in the [[symbolic order]] is not to say that the [[psychotic]] does not have an [[unconscious]]; on the contrary, His interest in [[psychosis]] "the unconscious is present but not functioning."<ref>{{S3}} p.208</ref> The [[psychotic]] [[structure]] thus results from a certain malfunction of the [[Oedipus complex]], a [[lack]] in the paternal function; more specifically, predates his interest in [[psychosis]] the paternal funciton is reduced to the [[image]] of the [[father]] (the [[symbolicpsychoanalysis]] is reduced to the [[imaginary]]). ----- In [[Jacques Lacan]]ian [[psychoanalysis]] it is important to distinguish between studied [[psychosis]], which is a [[clinical structure]], and [[psychotic]] phenomena such as [[delusions]] and [[hallucinations]]. Two conditions are required for psychotic phenomena to emerge: the [[subject]] must have his doctoral research about a [[psychoticwoman]] [[structure]], and the [[Name-of-the-Father]] must be "called into symbolic opposition to the subject.he calls "<ref>{{E}} p.217</ref> In the [[absence]] of the first condition, no confrontation with the paternal signifier will ever lead to psychotic phenomena; a [[neuroticAimee]] can never "become psychotic."<ref>{{S31932}} p.15</ref> In the [[absence]] of the second condition, the [[psychotic]] [[structure]] will remain latent. It is thus conceivable that a [[subject]] may have a [[psychotic]] [[structure]] and yet never develop [[delusions]] or experience [[hallucination]]s. When both conditions are fulfilled, the [[psychosis]] is "triggered off," the latent [[psychosis]] becomes manifest in [[hallucination]]s and/or [[delusions]].------ In the 1970s [[Lacan]] reformulates Indeed it was his approach to [[psychosis]] around the notion of the [[borromean knot]]. The three rings in the knot represent the three [[orders]]: the [[real]]doctoral research, the [[symbolic]] and the [[imaginary]]. While in [[neurosis]] these three rings are linked together in which concerned a particular way, in [[psychosis]] they become disentangled. This [[psychotic]] disassociation may sometimes however be avoided by a [[sinthome|symptomaatic formationwoman]] which acts as a fourth ring holding the other three together. -------- whom [[Lacan]] follows calls [[FreudAimée]] in arguing that while first led [[psychosisLacan]] is of great interest for to [[psychoanalytic theory]], it is outside the field of the classical method of [[psychoanalytic treatment]], which is only appropriate for [[neurosis]]; "to use the technique that [[Freud]] established outside the experience to which it was applied (i.e. neurosis) is as stupid as to toil at the oars when the ship is on the sand."<ref>{{E1932}} p.221</ref> Not only It is the classical method of common to compare [[psychoanalytic treatment]] inappropriate for [[psychotic]] [[subjectLacan]]'s, but it is even contraindicated. For example tortured and at [[Lacantimes]] points out that the technique almost incomprehensible style of [[psychoanalysiswriting]], which involves the use of the couch and [[free association]], can easily trigger off a latent [[psychosis]].<ref>{{S3}} p.15</ref> This is the reason why [[Lacan]]ian [[analyst]]s usually follow [[Freud]]'s recommendation speaking to begin the [[treatment]] of a new [[patient]] with a series discourse of face-to-face interviews.<ref>{{F}} p.1913c. [[SE]] XII. 123-4</ref> Only when the [[analyst]] is reasonably sure that the [[patient]] is not [[psychotic]] will the [[patient]] be asked to lie down on the couch and [[free association|free associate]]. -----------   This does not mean that Lacanian analysts do not work with [[psychotic]] [[patient]]s. On the contrary, much work has been done by [[Lacanian]] [[analyst]]s in the [[treatment]] of [[psychosis]]. However, the method of [[treatment]] differs substantially from that used with [[neurotic]] and [[perverse]] [[patient]]s.  [[Lacan]] himself works with [[psychotic]] [[patient]]'s but left very few comments on the technique he employed; rather than setting out a technical procedure for working with [[psychosis]], he limited himself to discussing the questions preliminary to any such work.<ref>{{L}} p.1957-8b</ref>  ------- Lacan rejects the approach of those who limit their analysis of psychosis to the imagianry order; "nothing is to be expected from the way psychosis is explored at the level discussions of the imaginary, since the imaginary mechanism is what gives psychotic alienation its form, but not its dynamics."<ref>{{S3}} p.146</ref> It is only by focusing on the symbolic order that Lacan is able to point to the fundamental determining element of psychosis, namely ,the hole in the symbolic order caused by foreclosure and the consequent "imprisonment" of the psychotic subject in the imaginary. It is also this emphasis on the symbolic order which leads Lacan to value above all the linguistic phenomena in [[psychosis]]: "are among the importance given to language phenomena in psychosis is for us the msot fruitful lesson of all."<ref>{{S3}} p.144</ref> --- The [[language]] phenomena most notable in [[psychosis]] are ''disorders'' of [[language]], significant and [[Lacan]] argues that the [[presence]] of such disorders is a necessary condition for a diagnosis original aspects of his [[psychosiswork]].<ref>{{S3}} p.92</ref> Among the psychotic language disorders which Lacan draws attention to are holophrases and the extensive use of neologisms (which may be completely new words coined by the psychotic, or already existing words which the psychotic redefines).<ref>{{Ec}} p.167</ref> In 1956, Lacan attributes these language disorders to the psychotic's lack of a sufficient number of points de capiton. The lack of sufficient points de capiton means that the psychotic experience is characterized by a constant slippage of the signified under the signifier, which is a disaster for [[signification]]; there is a continual "casscade of reshapings of the signifier fromw hich the increasing disaster of the imaginary proceeds, until the level is reached at which signifier and signified are stablized in the delusional metaphor."<ref>{E}} p.217</ref> Another way of desribing this is as "a relationship between the subject and the signifier in its most formal dimension, in its dimension as a pure signifier."<ref>{{S3}} p.250</ref> This relationship of the subject to the signifier in its purely formal aspect constitutes "the nucleus of psychosis."<ref>{{S3}} p.250</ref> "If the neurotic inhabits language, the psychotic is inhabited, possessed, by language."<ref>{{S3}} p.250</ref>  --------- Of all the various forms of psychosis, it is [[paranoia]] that most interests Lacan, while schizophrenia and mani-depressive psychosis are rarely discussed.<ref>{{S3}} p.3-4</ref> Lacan follows Freud in maintaining a structural distinction between paranoia and schizophrenia. [[psychosis]] ([[psychose]])  The term [[psychosis]] arose in [[psychiatry]] in the nineteenth century as a way of designating mental illness in general.  During [[Freud]]'s life, a basic distinction between most detailed [[psychosisdiscussion]] and [[neurosis]] came to be generally accepted, according to which [[psychosis]] designated extreme forms of mental illness and [[neurosis]] denoted less serious disorders.  This basic distinction between [[neurosis]] and [[psychosis]] was taken up and developed by [[Freud]] himself appears in several papers.<ref>Freud, 1924b and 1924e</ref> [[Lacan]]'s interest in [[psychosis]] predates his interest in [[psychoanalysisseminar]].  Indeed it was his doctoral researchof 1955-6, which concerned a psychotic [[woman]] whom [[Lacan]] calls entitled simply '[[AimÈe]]', that first led [[Lacan]] to [[psychoanalytic theory]].<ref>Lacan, 1932</ref> It has often been remarked that [[Lacan]]'s debt to this [[patient]] is reminiscent of [[Freud]]'s debt to his first [[neurotic]] [[patient]]s (who were also [[female]]).  In other words, whereas [[FreudSeminar III|The Psychoses]]'s first approach to the [[unconscious]] is by way of [[neurosis]], [[Lacan]]'s first approach is via [[psychosis]].   It has also been common to compare [[Lacan]]'s tortured and at times almost incomprehensible style of [[writing]] and [[speaking]] to the discourse of [[psychotic]] [[patient]]s.  "Whatever one are stabilized in the [[delusion]]al [[metaphor]]."<ref>{{E}} p.217</ref>  Another way of describing this is as "a relationship between the subject and the signifier in its most formal dimension, in its dimension as a pure signifier."<ref>{{S3}} p.250</ref>  This relationship of the subject here that he expounds what come to be the signifier in its purely formal aspect constitutes "the nucleus main tenets of psychosis."<ref>{{S3}} p. 250</ref>  "If the neurotic inhabits language, the psychotic is inhabited, possessed, by language."<ref>{{S3}} p.250</ref> Of all the various forms of [[psychosis]], it is [[paranoia]] that most interests [[Lacan]], while [[schizophrenia]] and manic-depressive [[psychosis]] are rarely discussed.<ref>{{S3}} p.3-4</ref> [[Lacan]] follows [[Freud]] in maintaining a structural distinction between [[paranoia]] and [[schizophrenia]]. Defined in clincal ian approach to [[psychiatrymadness]] as a serious mental illness affecting the whole of the personality.

Unlike ===Clinical Structure===[[Psychosis]] is defined as one of the three [[clinical structure]]s, one of which is defined by the operation of [[foreclosure]]. In this operation, the [[Name-of-the-Father]] is not integrated in the [[symbolic order|symbolic universe]] of the [[psychotic]] (it is "[[foreclosed]]"), with the result that a patient suffering from [[neurosishole]] is [[left]] in the [[symbolic order]]. To [[speak]] of a [[lack|hole]] in the [[symbolic order]] is not to say that the [[psychotic]] does not have an [[unconscious]]; on the contrary, in [[psychosis]] "the unconscious is [[present]] but not functioning."<ref>{{S3}} p. 208</ref> The [[psychotic]] cannot be treated on [[structure]] thus results from a certain malfunction of the [[Oedipus complex]], a consensual basis and may therefore have [[lack]] in the [[paternal function]]; more specifically, in [[psychosis]] the [[paternal function]] is reduced to be committed the [[image]] of the [[father]] (the [[symbolic]] is reduced to a psychiatric institutionthe [[imaginary]]).

The word In studying [[psychosis]] Lacan stated, following [[Freud]], that "the problem lies not in the reality that is lost, but in that which takes its place."<ref>{{E}} p. 188-9</ref> Lacan emphasized the 'rent'Psychoseor [[gap]] that appears in the relation of the psychotic subject to the world, and the nature of the 'patch' has been current since which the 1840spsychotic subject applies over this gap.<!-- ====Psychotic Phenomena==== --><!-- In [[Lacan]]ian [[psychoanalysis]] it is important to distinguish between [[psychosis]], but was originally used which is a [[clinical structure]], and [[psychotic]] phenomena such as [[delusions]] and [[hallucinations]]. Two [[conditions]] are required for psychotic phenomena to refer emerge: the [[subject]] must have a [[psychotic]] [[structure]], and the [[Name-of-the-Father]] must be "called into symbolic opposition to any form the subject."<ref>{{E}} p. 217</ref> In the [[absence]] of mental illnessthe first condition, no confrontation with the paternal signifier will ever lead to psychotic phenomena; a [[neurotic]] can never "become psychotic."<ref>Laplanche and Pontalis 1967{{S3}} p. 15</ref> In the [[absence]] of the second condition, the [[psychotic]] [[structure]] will remain [[latent]]. It is thus conceivable that a [[subject]] may have a [[psychotic]] [[structure]] and yet never develop [[delusions]] or [[experience]] [[hallucination]]s. When both conditions are fulfilled, the [[psychosis]] is "triggered off," the latent [[psychosis]] becomes [[manifest]] in [[hallucination]]s and/or [[delusions]]. --><!-- ==[[Borromean Knot]]== --><!-- In the 1970s [[Lacan]] reformulates his approach to [[psychosis]] around the [[notion]] of the [[borromean knot]]. The three rings in the [[knot]] [[represent]] the three [[orders]]: the [[real]], the [[symbolic]] and the [[imaginary]]. While in [[neurosis]] these three rings are linked together in a particular way, in [[psychosis]] they become disentangled. This [[psychotic]] disassociation may sometimes however be avoided by a [[sinthome|symptomaatic formation]] which [[acts]] as a fourth ring holding the [[other]] three together. -->

The distinction between ===Schreber===In his [[seminar]] on [[psychosis and neurosis was introduced and gradually refined in the course ]] ([[{{Y}}|1955-6]]) [[Lacan]] tackled [[Freud]]'s case [[history]] of the nineteenth century[[Judge Schreber]], and is basic a [[paranoid]] [[schizophrenic]] who wrote a fascinating account of his illnesss entitled ''Memoirs of My Nervous [[Illness]]'' (1903). Lacan's essay "On a question preliminary to psychoanalysisany possible treatment of psychosis (1957-8)' enlarged on the [[ideas]] of this [[seminar]].

In ===Treatment===[[Freud]] was skeptical about the possibility of practising [[psychoanalysis]] with [[psychotic]] [[patients]]. [[Lacan]] follows [[Freud]] in arguing that while [[psychosis]] is of great interest for [[psychoanalytic theory]], it is [[outside]] the field of the classical method of [[psychoanalytic treatment]], 'psychosis' which is used only appropriate for [[neurosis]]; "to use the [[technique]] that [[Freud]] established outside the experience to describe conditions such which it was applied (i.e. neurosis) is as stupid as hallucinatory confusion, paranoia and schizophreniato toil at the oars when the ship is on the sand."<ref>{{E}} p.221</ref>

<!-- Not only is the classical method of [[psychoanalytic treatment]] inappropriate for [[psychotic]] [[subject]]s, but it is even contraindicated. For example [[Lacan]] points out that the technique of [[psychoanalysis]], which involves the use of the couch and [[free association]], can easily trigger off a latent [[psychosis]].<ref>{{S3}} p. 15</ref> This is the [[reason]] why [[Lacan]]ian [[analyst]]s usually follow [[Freud]]'s theory recommendation to begin the [[treatment]] of a new [[patient]] with a series of face-to-face interviews.<ref>{{F}} p.1913c. [[SE]] XII. 123-4</ref> Only when the [[analyst]] is reasonably sure that the [[patient]] is not [[psychotic]] will the [[patient]] be asked to lie down on the couch and [[free association|free associate]]. -->This does not mean that Lacanian [[analysts]] do not work with [[psychotic]] [[patient]]s. On the contrary, much work has been done by [[Lacanian]] [[analyst]]s in the [[treatment]] of psychoanalysis was developed primarily [[psychosis]]. However, the method of [[treatment]] differs substantially from that used with [[neurotic]] and [[perverse]] [[patient]]s. [[Lacan]] himself works with [[psychotic]] [[patient]]s but left very few comments on the technique he employed; rather than setting out a technical procedure for [[working]] with reference [[psychosis]], he limited himself to neurosisdiscussing the questions preliminary to any such work.<ref>{{L}} p. 1957-8b</ref><!-- [[Lacan]] rejects the approach of those who [[limit]] their analysis of [[psychosis]] to the [[imaginary order]]; "[[nothing]] is to be expected from the way psychosis is explored at the level of the [[imaginary]], since [[the imaginary]] [[mechanism]] is what gives psychotic [[alienation]] its [[form]], but not its dynamics."<ref>{{S3}} p. 146</ref> It is only by focusing on the [[symbolic order]] that [[Lacan]] is able to point to the fundamental determining element of [[psychosis]], namely, the hole in the [[symbolic]] [[order]] caused by [[foreclosure]] and the consequent "imprisonment" of the psychotic subject in the imaginary. It is also this emphasis on the [[symbolic order]] which leads [[Lacan]] to [[value]] above all the [[linguistic]] phenomena in [[psychosis]]: "the importance given to language phenomena in psychosis is for us the msot fruitful lesson of all."<ref>{{S3}} p.144</ref> -->

Lacan, in contrast, began ===The Relation of the Subject to his career by working with psychotics in Speech===psychiatric hospitals before he became a psychoanalyst (1932) and therefore elaborates a more specific theory Lacan asserted that the failure to take account of the origins relation of psychosisthe subject to his speech had resulted in a failure to [[understand]] psychotic phenomena.

<!-- ====Language Disorders==== -->Contrasting neurosis snad psychosis, Freud argues that, whilst both conditions originate <!-- The [[language]] phenomena most notable in a conflict between the ego and other agencies of the psyche, [[psychosis results from a disturbance in the ego]] are ''disorders''s relationship with the external worldof [[language]], neurosis from a conflict between the ego and the id. In psychosis the ego withdraws from some part or aspect of the rela world, either fialing to perceive it or being unaffected by its perceptiuon of it.. [[Lacan draws on Freud's comment and remarks on ]] argues that the case [[presence]] of Daniel Paul Schrebe, an appeal court judge who wrote an autobiographicla account of his paranoid delusions, to elaborate the thesis that psychosis such disorders is trigged by the specific mechanism a necessary condition for a diagnosis of [[foreclosurepsychosis]].<ref>Lacan 1957-8, 1981{{S3}} p. 92</ref> A key signifier or Among the name of the father is expelled or foreclosed fromt he subject's symbolic world psychotic language disorders which Lacan draws attention to are holophrases and a hole or rent is left in its ploace. The foreclosed signifier is not integrated into the unconscious thanks to an act extensive use of repressionneologisms (which may be completely new [[words]] coined by the psychotic,a nd therefore cannot return on or already existing words which the form of a neurotic signifierpsychotic redefines).<ref>{{Ec}} p. It returns167</ref> In [[{{Y}}|1956]], rather, in [[Lacan]] attributes these [[language]] disorders to the real, usually in the form of persecutory hallucinations and delusions. A mental condition whereby the patient completely loses touch with reality.  ==Psychosis versus Neurosis==The term [[psychotic]]'s [[psychosislack]]' denotes an severe form of a sufficient [[pathology|mental illnessnumber]], while of ''[[neurosispoints de capiton]]' denotes less severe forms'.--> <!-- The lack of sufficient ''[[Sigmund Freudpoints de capiton]] elaborated '' means that the psychotic experience is characterized by a distinction between constant [[psychosisslippage]] and of the [[neurosissignified]].<ref>Freudunder the signifier, 1924b and 1924e</ref> <blockquote>"which is a disaster for [[Insignification]] neurosis ; there is a continual "cascade of reshapings of the signifier fromw hich the ego suppresses part increasing disaster of the id out of allegiance to realityimaginary proceeds, whereas until the level is reached at which signifier and signified are stablized in psychosis it lets itself be carried away by the id and detached from a part of realitydelusional [[metaphor]]."<ref>5{{E}} p.202217</ref></blockquote> ==Psychosis and Lacan==[[Jacques LacanAnother]] studied way of describing this is as "a [[psychosisrelationship]] for his doctoral research about a between the subject and the signifier in its most [[womanformal]] he calls "[[Aimeedimension]], in its dimension as a pure signifier."<ref>{{1932S3}}p. 250</ref> It is common to compare Lacan's style This relationship of writing and speaking the subject to the discourse signifier in its purely formal aspect constitutes "the nucleus of psychosis."<ref>{{S3}} p.250</ref> "If the neurotic inhabits language, the psychotic patients. [[Psychosis]] has many different forms: [[paranoia]]is inhabited, [[schizophrenia]]possessed, and [[manic-depression]]by language."<ref>{{S3, 3-4}} p. 250</ref> -->