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{{ToppToppp}}psychose]]|-|| [[German]]: ''[[Psychose{{Bottom}}

The term "It is [[true]] that Freud had found that the [[discourse]] of the psychotic and the apparently bizarre and meaningless phenomena of psychosiscould be deciphered and [[understood]]" is used in , just as [[psychoanalysisdreams]] to describe a ''severe mental disordercan. Freud's [[analysis]] of the psychotic [[Schreber]]'s memoirs thus broke with contemporary approaches to psychosis, more serious than which regarded psychotics as beyond the limits of [[neurosisunderstanding]](Freud, characterized by disorganized thought processes, disorientation in time and space, hallucinations, and delusions. Paranoia, manic depression, megalomania, and schizophrenia are all psychoses1951).

==Jacques However, as Lacan==[[Lacan]]points out, the fact that the psychotic's interest in [[psychosis]] predates his interest in discourse is just as interpretable as that of the neurotic leaves the two disorders at the same level and fails to account for the major differences between [[psychoanalysisthem]]. Indeed it was his doctoral research, which concerned a psychotic woman whom [[Lacan]] calls [[Aimée]] that first led thus the [[Lacandistinction]] between the two remains to [[psychoanalytic theory]]be explained.<ref>{{1932}}</ref> [[It is around this issue of the different mechanisms in psychosis and neurosis that Lacan]]'s most detailed discussion major contribution to the study of [[psychosis]] appears in his [[seminar]] of 1955-6, entitled simply ''[[Seminar III|The Psychoses]]''revolves.

Freud claims that in both neurosis and psychosis there is a [[Psychosiswithdrawal]] is defined as one of the three investment, or [[clinical structureobject]]s, one of which is defined by the operation of -[[foreclosurecathexis]]. In this operation, the from [[Name-of-the-Fatherobjects]] is not integrated in the [[symbolic order|symbolic universeworld]] of . In the [[psychoticcase]] (it of neurosis the object-cathexis is "[[foreclosed]]")retained, with the result that a hole but is left invested in fantasized objects in the neurotic's [[symbolic orderinternal]]world. To speak In the case of a hole psychosis the withdrawn cathexis is invested in the [[symbolic order]] is not to say that ego at the expense of all object-[[psychotic]] does not have an [[unconsciouscathexes]]; on the contrary, even in [[psychosisfantasy]] "the unconscious is present but not functioning."<ref>{{S3}} p. 208</ref> The This turning of [[psychoticlibido]] upon the ego accounts for [[structuresymptoms]] thus results from a certain malfunction of the such as [[Oedipus complexhypochondria]], a and megalomania. The delusional [[lacksystem]] in , the [[paternal function]]; more specificallymost striking feature of psychosis, arises in a second [[psychosisstage]] . Freud characterizes the [[paternal function]] is reduced to the [[imageconstruction]] of a delusional system as an attempt at recovery in which the [[father]] (psychotic re-establishes a new, often very intense, relation with the [[symbolic]] is reduced to people and things in the world by way of a delusional [[imaginaryformation]]).

-----==Jacques Lacan=====History===In [[Lacan]]ian discussed [[psychoanalysispsychosis]] it is important to distinguish between throughout his [[psychosisJacques Lacan:Bibliography|work]], which is a . His interest in [[clinical structurepsychosis]], and predates his interest in [[psychoticpsychoanalysis]] phenomena such as . [[delusionsJacques Lacan]] and studied [[hallucinationspsychosis]]. Two conditions are required for psychotic phenomena to emerge: the [[subject]] must have his doctoral research about a [[psychotic]] [[structurewoman]], and the he calls "[[Name-of-the-FatherAimee]] must be "called into symbolic opposition to the subject."<ref>{{E1932}} p. 217</ref> In the Indeed it was his doctoral research, which concerned a [[psychotic]] [[woman]] whom [[Lacan]] calls [[absenceAimée]] of the that first condition, no confrontation with the paternal signifier will ever lead led [[Lacan]] to psychotic phenomena; a [[neuroticpsychoanalytic theory]] can never "become psychotic."<ref>{{S31932}} p. 15</ref> In the It is common to compare [[Lacan]]'s tortured and at [[absencetimes]] almost incomprehensible style of [[writing]] and speaking to the second condition, the discourse of [[psychotic]] [[structurepatient]] will remain latents. It is thus conceivable that a [[subjectLacan]] may have a 's discussions of [[psychoticpsychosis]] are among the most significant and original aspects of his [[structurework]] and yet never develop . [[delusionsLacan]] or experience 's most detailed [[hallucinationdiscussion]]s. When both conditions are fulfilled, the of [[psychosis]] is "triggered offappears in his [[seminar]] of 1955-6," the latent entitled simply ''[[psychosisSeminar III|The Psychoses]] becomes manifest in ''. It is here that he expounds what come to be the main tenets of the [[hallucinationLacan]]s and/or ian approach to [[delusionsmadness]].

==Borromean Knot=Clinical Structure===In the 1970s [[LacanPsychosis]] reformulates his approach to is defined as one of the three [[psychosisclinical structure]] around s, one of which is defined by the notion operation of [[foreclosure]]. In this operation, the [[borromean knotName-of-the-Father]]. The three rings is not integrated in the knot represent [[symbolic order|symbolic universe]] of the three [[orderspsychotic]]: the (it is "[[realforeclosed]]"), with the result that a [[symbolichole]] is [[left]] and in the [[imaginarysymbolic order]]. While To [[speak]] of a [[lack|hole]] in the [[neurosissymbolic order]] these three rings are linked together in a particular wayis not to say that the [[psychotic]] does not have an [[unconscious]]; on the contrary, in [[psychosis]] they become disentangled"the unconscious is [[present]] but not functioning."<ref>{{S3}} p. This 208</ref> The [[psychotic]] disassociation may sometimes however be avoided by [[structure]] thus results from a certain malfunction of the [[sinthome|symptomaatic formationOedipus complex]] which acts as , a fourth ring holding [[lack]] in the other three together[[paternal function]]; more specifically, in [[psychosis]] the [[paternal function]] is reduced to the [[image]] of the [[father]] (the [[symbolic]] is reduced to the [[imaginary]]).

==Treatment=The Psychotic Relation to Reality===[[Lacan]] follows [[Freud]] in arguing that while In his articles on [[psychosis]] is of great interest for [[psychoanalytic theory]], it is outside the field of the classical method of [[psychoanalytic treatment]], which is only appropriate for [[neurosis]]; "to use the technique that [[Freud]] established outside the experience to which it was applied (i.e. neurosis) is as stupid as to toil at the oars when the ship is on noted the sand."<ref>{{E}} p. 221</ref> Not only is the classical method of [[psychoanalytic treatment]] inappropriate for [[psychotic]] 's altered relation to [[subjectreality]]s, but it is even contraindicated. For example The 'imaginary [[Lacanexternal]] points out that the technique of [[psychoanalysis]], which involves the use world' of the couch and [[free association]], can easily trigger off a latent [[psychosis]].<ref>{{S3}} p. 15</ref> This is the reason why [[Lacan]]ian [[analyst]]s usually follow [[Freud]]'s recommendation attempts to begin the put itself in [[treatmentplace]] of a new [[patient]] with a series of face-to-face interviews.<ref>{{F}} p.1913cthe 'external world'. (In Lacanian [[SEterms]] XII. 123-4</ref> Only when the , there are altered relations between [[analyst]] is reasonably sure that the [[patientImaginary]] is not and Real Orders, in parallel with an alteration in [[psychotic]] will the [[patient]] be asked to lie down on the couch and [[free association|free associateSymbolic]]Order).

This does In studying [[psychosis]] Lacan stated, following [[Freud]], that "the problem lies not mean in the reality that is lost, but in that which takes its place."<ref>{{E}} p. 188-9</ref> Lacan emphasized the 'rent' or [[gap]] that Lacanian analysts do not work with appears in the relation of the psychotic subject to the world, and the nature of the 'patch' which the psychotic subject applies over this gap.<!-- ====Psychotic Phenomena==== --><!-- In [[Lacan]]ian [[psychoanalysis]] it is important to distinguish between [[psychosis]], which is a [[clinical structure]], and [[psychotic]] phenomena such as [[delusions]] and [[patienthallucinations]]s. On Two [[conditions]] are required for psychotic phenomena to emerge: the contrary, much work has been done by [[Lacaniansubject]] must have a [[psychotic]] [[structure]] , and the [[analystName-of-the-Father]]s in must be "called into symbolic opposition to the subject."<ref>{{E}} p. 217</ref> In the [[treatmentabsence]] of the first condition, no confrontation with the paternal signifier will ever lead to psychotic phenomena; a [[psychosisneurotic]]can never "become psychotic. "<ref>{{S3}} p. 15</ref> HoweverIn the [[absence]] of the second condition, the method of [[treatmentpsychotic]] [[structure]] will remain [[latent]] differs substantially from . It is thus conceivable that used with a [[subject]] may have a [[psychotic]] [[neuroticstructure]] and yet never develop [[perversedelusions]] or [[patientexperience]] [[hallucination]]s. When both conditions are fulfilled, the [[Lacanpsychosis]] is "triggered off," the latent [[psychosis]] himself works with becomes [[psychoticmanifest]] in [[patienthallucination]]s but left very few comments on and/or [[delusions]]. --><!-- ==[[Borromean Knot]]== --><!-- In the technique he employed; rather than setting out a technical procedure for working with 1970s [[Lacan]] reformulates his approach to [[psychosis]] around the [[notion]] of the [[borromean knot]]. The three rings in the [[knot]] [[represent]] the three [[orders]]: the [[real]], he limited himself to discussing the questions preliminary to any such work[[symbolic]] and the [[imaginary]]. While in [[neurosis]] these three rings are linked together in a particular way, in [[psychosis]] they become disentangled.<ref>{{L}} pThis [[psychotic]] disassociation may sometimes however be avoided by a [[sinthome|symptomaatic formation]] which [[acts]] as a fourth ring holding the [[other]] three together. 1957-8b</ref->

<!-- Not only is the classical method of [[psychoanalytic treatment]] inappropriate for [[psychotic]] [[subject]]s, but it is even contraindicated. For example [[Lacan]] points out that the technique of [[psychoanalysis]], which involves the use of the couch and [[free association]], can easily trigger off a latent [[psychosis]].<ref>{{S3}} p. 15</ref> This is the [[reason]] why [[Lacan]]ian [[analyst]]s usually follow [[Freud]]'s recommendation to begin the [[treatment]] of a new [[patient]] with a series of face-to-face interviews.<ref>{{F}} p.1913c. [[SE]] XII. 123-4</ref> Only when the [[analyst]] is reasonably sure that the [[patient]] is not [[psychotic]] will the [[patient]] be asked to lie down on the couch and [[free association|free associate]]. -->This does not mean that Lacanian [[analysts]] do not work with [[psychotic]] [[patient]]s. On the contrary, much work has been done by [[Lacanian]] [[analyst]]s in the [[treatment]] of [[psychosis]]. However, the method of [[treatment]] differs substantially from that used with [[neurotic]] and [[perverse]] [[patient]]s. [[Lacan]] himself works with [[psychotic]] [[patient]]s but left very few comments on the technique he employed; rather than setting out a technical procedure for [[working]] with [[psychosis]], he limited himself to discussing the questions preliminary to any such work.<ref>{{L}} p. 1957-8b</ref><!-- [[Lacan]] rejects the approach of those who [[limit ]] their analysis of [[psychosis]] to the [[imaginary order]]; "[[nothing ]] is to be expected from the way psychosis is explored at the level of the [[imaginary]], since [[the imaginary ]] [[mechanism ]] is what gives psychotic [[alienation ]] its [[form]], but not its dynamics."<ref>{{S3}} p. 146</ref> It is only by focusing on the [[symbolic order]] that [[Lacan]] is able to point to the fundamental determining element of [[psychosis]], namely, the hole in the [[symbolic]] [[order]] caused by [[foreclosure]] and the consequent "imprisonment" of the psychotic subject in the imaginary. It is also this emphasis on the [[symbolic order]] which leads [[Lacan]] to [[value ]] above all the [[linguistic ]] phenomena in [[psychosis]]: "the importance given to language phenomena in psychosis is for us the msot fruitful lesson of all."<ref>{{S3}} p. 144</ref> -->

<!-- ====Language Disorders==== --><!-- The [[language]] phenomena most notable in [[psychosis]] are ''disorders'' of [[language]], and [[Lacan]] argues that the [[presence]] of such disorders is a necessary condition for a diagnosis of [[psychosis]].<ref>{{S3}} p. 92</ref> Among the psychotic language disorders which Lacan draws attention to are holophrases and the extensive use of neologisms (which may be completely new [[words ]] coined by the psychotic, or already existing words which the psychotic redefines).<ref>{{Ec}} p. 167</ref> In [[{{Y}}|1956]], [[Lacan]] attributes these [[language]] disorders to the [[psychotic]]'s [[lack]] of a sufficient [[number ]] of ''[[points de capiton]]''.--> <!-- The lack of sufficient ''[[points de capiton]] '' means that the psychotic experience is characterized by a constant [[slippage ]] of the [[signified ]] under the signifier, which is a disaster for [[signification]]; there is a continual "casscade cascade of reshapings of the signifier fromw hich the increasing disaster of the imaginary proceeds, until the level is reached at which signifier and signified are stablized in the delusional [[metaphor]]."<ref>{{E}} p.217</ref> [[Another ]] way of desribing describing this is as "a [[relationship ]] between the subject and the signifier in its most formal dimension, in its dimension as a pure signifier."<ref>{{S3}} p.250</ref> This relationship of the subject to the signifier in its purely formal aspect constitutes "the nucleus of psychosis."<ref>{{S3}} p.250</ref> "If the neurotic inhabits language, the psychotic is inhabited, possessed, by language."<ref>{{S3}} p.250</ref>  --------- Of all the various forms of psychosis, it is [[paranoiaformal]] that most interests Lacan, while schizophrenia and mani-depressive psychosis are rarely discussed.<ref>{{S3}} p.3-4</ref> Lacan follows Freud in maintaining a structural distinction between paranoia and schizophrenia. [[psychosis]] ([[psychose]])  The term [[psychosisdimension]] arose in [[psychiatry]] in the nineteenth century as a way of designating mental illness in general.  During [[Freud]]'s life, a basic distinction between [[psychosis]] and [[neurosis]] came to be generally accepted, according to which [[psychosis]] designated extreme forms of mental illness and [[neurosis]] denoted less serious disorders.  This basic distinction between [[neurosis]] and [[psychosis]] was taken up and developed by [[Freud]] himself in several papers.<ref>Freud, 1924b and 1924e</ref> [[Lacan]]'s interest in [[psychosis]] predates his interest in [[psychoanalysis]].  Indeed it was his doctoral research, which concerned a psychotic [[woman]] whom [[Lacan]] calls '[[AimÈe]]', that first led [[Lacan]] to [[psychoanalytic theory]].<ref>Lacan, 1932</ref> It has often been remarked that [[Lacan]]'s debt to this [[patient]] is reminiscent of [[Freud]]'s debt to his first [[neurotic]] [[patient]]s (who were also [[female]]).  In other words, whereas [[Freud]]'s first approach to the [[unconscious]] is by way of [[neurosis]], [[Lacan]]'s first approach is via [[psychosis]].  It has also been common to compare [[Lacan]]'s tortured and at times almost incomprehensible style of [[writing]] and [[speaking]] to the discourse of [[psychotic]] [[patient]]s.  "Whatever one are stabilized in the [[delusion]]al [[metaphor]]."<ref>{{E}} p.217</ref>  Another way of describing this is as "a relationship between the subject and the signifier in its most formal dimension, in its dimension as a pure signifier."<ref>{{S3}} p.250</ref>  This relationship of the subject to the signifier in its purely formal aspect constitutes "the nucleus of psychosis."<ref>{{S3}} p. 250</ref>  "If the neurotic inhabits language, the psychotic is inhabited, possessed, by language."<ref>{{S3}} p.250</ref> Of all the various forms of [[psychosis]], it is [[paranoia]] that most interests [[Lacan]], while [[schizophrenia]] and manic-depressive [[psychosis]] are rarely discussed.<ref>{{S3}} p.3-4</ref> [[Lacan]] follows [[Freud]] in maintaining a structural distinction between [[paranoia]] and [[schizophrenia]]. Defined in clincal [[psychiatry]] as a serious mental illness affecting the whole of the personality. Unlike a patient suffering from [[neurosis]], the [[psychotic]] cannot be treated on a consensual basis and may therefore have to be committed to a psychiatric institution.  The word ''Psychose'' has been current since the 1840s, but was originally used to refer to any form of mental illness.<ref>Laplanche and Pontalis 1967</ref> The distinction between psychosis and neurosis was introduced and gradually refined in the course of the nineteenth century, and is basic to psychoanalysis. In psychoanalysis, 'psychosis' is used to describe conditions such as hallucinatory confusion, paranoia and schizophrenia. Freud's theory of psychoanalysis was developed primarily with reference to neurosis. Lacan, in contrast, began his career by working with psychotics in psychiatric hospitals before he became a psychoanalyst (1932) and therefore elaborates a more specific theory of the origins of psychosis.  Contrasting neurosis snad psychosis, Freud argues that, whilst both conditions originate in a conflict between the ego and other agencies of the psyche, psychosis results from a disturbance in the ego's relationship with the external world, neurosis from a conflict between the ego and the id. In psychosis the ego withdraws from some part or aspect of the rela world, either fialing to perceive it or being unaffected by its perceptiuon of it.. Lacan draws on Freud's comment and remarks on the case of Daniel Paul Schrebe, an appeal court judge who wrote an autobiographicla account of his paranoid delusions, to elaborate the thesis that psychosis is trigged by the specific mechanism of [[foreclosure]].<ref>Lacan 1957-8, 1981</ref> A key signifier or the name of the father is expelled or foreclosed fromt he subject's symbolic world and a hole or rent is left in its ploace. The foreclosed signifier is not integrated into the unconscious thanks to an act of repression,a nd therefore cannot return on the form of a neurotic signifier. It returns, rather, in the real, usually in the form of persecutory hallucinations and delusions. A mental condition whereby the patient completely loses touch with reality.  ==Psychosis versus Neurosis==The term '[[psychosis]]' denotes an severe form of [[pathology|mental illness]], while '[[neurosis]]' denotes less severe forms. [[Sigmund Freud]] elaborated a distinction between [[psychosis]] and [[neurosis]].<ref>Freud, 1924b and 1924e</ref> <blockquote>"[In] neurosis the ego suppresses part of the id out of allegiance to reality, whereas in psychosis it lets itself be carried away by the id and detached from a part of reality."<ref>5.202</ref></blockquote> ==Psychosis and Lacan==[[Jacques Lacan]] studied [[psychosis]] for his doctoral research about a [[woman]] he calls "[[Aimee]]."<ref>{{1932}}</ref> It is common to compare Lacan's style of writing and speaking to the discourse of psychotic patients. [[Psychosis]] has many different forms: [[paranoia]], [[schizophrenia]], and [[manic-depression]].<ref>S3, 3-4</ref>