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{{ToppToppp}}psychose]]|-|| [[German]]: ''[[Psychose{{Bottom}}

==Sigmund Freud==The term "[[psychosisPsychosis]]" is used in a nosological [[psychoanalysiscategory]] to describe a ''severe mental disorder'', more serious than distinct from [[neurosis]], characterized by disorganized thought processes, disorientation in time and space, hallucinations, and delusions[[perversion]]. Paranoia It is brought [[about]] by the [[foreclosure]] of a primordial [[signifier]], manic depression, megalomania, and schizophrenia are all psychosesthe [[Name-of-the-Father]].

==Jacques In his seminar of 1955-56 ([[Seminar III|Seminar III, ''The Psychoses'']]), Lacan==argues that there is a [[defense mechanism]] specific to [[psychosis]] on the grounds that the peculiarly invasive and devastating [[Lacannature]]of psychotics's interest in delusional systems and hallucinations indicates major [[structural]] differences between [[psychosis]] and [[neurosis]].<!--The term [[psychosis]] predates his interest is used in many ways, but in general refers to [[psychoanalysispeople]] [[suffering]] from so-called [[schizophrenia]]. Indeed it was his doctoral research, which concerned a psychotic woman whom with [[hallucination]]s and [[delusion]]s; manic [[Lacandepression]] calls ; various [[Aiméeparanoia|paranoid states]] that first led ; and severe hypochondrial, [[Lacanobsessional neurosis|obsessional]] to , or [[psychoanalytic theorynarcissism|narcissistic states]].<ref>{{1932}}</ref> The term "[[psychosis]]" is used in [[psychoanalysis]] to describe a ''severe [[Lacanmental]]disorder'', more serious than [[neurosis]], characterized by disorganized [[thought]] [[processes]], disorientation in [[time]] and [[space]], [[hallucination]]s most detailed discussion , and [[delusion]]s. Types of [[psychosis]] appears in his include [[paranoia]], [[manic depression]], [[megalomania]], and [[schizophrenia]]. [[Psychosis]] has many different forms: [[paranoia]], [[seminarschizophrenia]] of 1955, and [[manic-6depression]]. Common features are difficult to define exactly, entitled simply ''but psychoanalytically [[speaking]] one can see [[Seminar III|The Psychosesthree]]''.broad features in psychotic patients:

# A [[Psychosisparticular]] is defined as one relation to reality# A special relation of the three subject to his [[clinical structurespeech]]s, one of which is defined by the operation ;# A particular structure of [[foreclosure]]. In this operation, the [[Namesubject-of-the-Father]] >==Sigmund Freud==It is not integrated in the [[symbolic order|symbolic universetrue]] of the [[psychotic]] (it is "[[foreclosed]]"), with the result that a hole is left in Freud had found that the [[symbolic orderdiscourse]]. To speak of a hole in the [[symbolic order]] is not to say that psychotic and the apparently bizarre and meaningless phenomena of psychosis could be deciphered and [[psychotic]] does not have an [[unconsciousunderstood]]; on the contrary, in just as [[psychosisdreams]] "the unconscious is present but not functioningcan."<ref>{{S3}} p. 208</ref> The [[psychotic]] Freud's [[structureanalysis]] thus results from a certain malfunction of the psychotic [[Oedipus complexSchreber]]'s memoirs thus broke with contemporary approaches to psychosis, a [[lack]] in the [[paternal function]]; more specifically, in [[psychosis]] the [[paternal function]] is reduced to which regarded psychotics as beyond the [[image]] limits of the [[fatherunderstanding]] (the [[symbolic]] is reduced to the [[imaginary]]Freud, 1951).

In [[Lacan]]ian [[psychoanalysis]] it is important to distinguish between [[Freud claims that in both neurosis and psychosis]], which there is a [[clinical structurewithdrawal]]of investment, and or [[psychoticobject]] phenomena such as -[[delusionscathexis]] and , from [[hallucinationsobjects]]. Two conditions are required for psychotic phenomena to emerge: in the [[subjectworld]] must have a [[psychotic]] [[structure]], and the [[Name-of-the-Father]] must be "called into symbolic opposition to the subject."<ref>{{E}} p. 217</ref> In the [[absencecase]] of neurosis the first conditionobject-cathexis is retained, no confrontation with but is invested in fantasized objects in the paternal signifier will ever lead to psychotic phenomena; a neurotic's [[neuroticinternal]] can never "become psychotic."<ref>{{S3}} pworld. 15</ref> In the [[absence]] case of psychosis the withdrawn cathexis is invested in the second condition, ego at the expense of all object-[[psychoticcathexes]] , even in [[structurefantasy]] will remain latent. It is thus conceivable that a This turning of [[subjectlibido]] may have a upon the ego accounts for [[psychoticsymptoms]] such as [[structurehypochondria]] and yet never develop megalomania. The delusional [[delusionssystem]] or experience , the most striking feature of psychosis, arises in a second [[hallucinationstage]]s. When both conditions are fulfilled, Freud characterizes the [[psychosisconstruction]] is "triggered offof a delusional system as an attempt at recovery in which the psychotic re-establishes a new, often very intense," relation with the latent [[psychosis]] becomes manifest people and things in the world by way of a delusional [[hallucination]]s and/or [[delusionsformation]].

==Borromean KnotJacques Lacan=====History===In the 1970s [[Lacan]] reformulates his approach to discussed [[psychosis]] around the notion of the throughout his [[borromean knot]]. The three rings in the knot represent the three [[orders]]Jacques Lacan: the [[real]], the [[symbolic]] and the [[imaginaryBibliography|work]]. While His interest in [[neurosispsychosis]] these three rings are linked together in a particular way, predates his interest in [[psychosis]] they become disentangled. This [[psychotic]] disassociation may sometimes however be avoided by a [[sinthome|symptomaatic formationpsychoanalysis]] which acts as a fourth ring holding the other three together. ==Treatment==[[Jacques Lacan]] follows [[Freud]] in arguing that while studied [[psychosis]] is of great interest for his doctoral research about a [[psychoanalytic theory]], it is outside the field of the classical method of [[psychoanalytic treatmentwoman]], which is only appropriate for [[neurosis]]; he calls "to use the technique that [[FreudAimee]] established outside the experience to which it was applied (i.e. neurosis) is as stupid as to toil at the oars when the ship is on the sand."<ref>{{E1932}} p. 221</ref> Not only is the classical method of [[psychoanalytic treatment]] inappropriate for Indeed it was his doctoral research, which concerned a [[psychotic]] [[subjectwoman]]s, but it is even contraindicated. For example whom [[Lacan]] points out that the technique of calls [[psychoanalysisAimée]], which involves the use of the couch and that first led [[free associationLacan]], can easily trigger off a latent to [[psychosispsychoanalytic theory]].<ref>{{S31932}} p. 15</ref> This It is the reason why common to compare [[Lacan]]ian [[analyst]]s usually follow [[Freud]]'s recommendation to begin the tortured and at [[treatmenttimes]] almost incomprehensible style of a new [[patientwriting]] with a series of face-and speaking to-face interviews.<ref>{{F}} p.1913c. [[SE]] XII. 123-4</ref> Only when the [[analyst]] is reasonably sure that the [[patient]] is not [[psychotic]] will the [[patient]] be asked to lie down on the couch and [[free association|free associate]]. This does not mean that Lacanian analysts do not work with discourse of [[psychotic]] [[patient]]s. On the contrary, much work has been done by [[Lacanian]] [[analystLacan]]'s in the [[treatment]] discussions of [[psychosis]]. However, are among the method most significant and original aspects of his [[treatment]] differs substantially from that used with [[neurotic]] and [[perverse]] [[patientwork]]s. [[Lacan]] himself works with [[psychotic]] [[patient]]'s but left very few comments on the technique he employed; rather than setting out a technical procedure for working with [[psychosis]], he limited himself to discussing the questions preliminary to any such work.<ref>{{L}} p. 1957-8b</ref>  ------- most detailed [[Lacandiscussion]] rejects the approach of those who limit their analysis of [[psychosis]] to the appears in his [[imaginary orderseminar]]; "nothing is to be expected from the way psychosis is explored at the level of the 1955-6, entitled simply ''[[imaginarySeminar III|The Psychoses]], since the imaginary mechanism is what gives psychotic alienation its form, but not its dynamics''."<ref>{{S3}} p. 146</ref> It is only by focusing on the [[symbolic order]] here that [[Lacan]] is able to point he expounds what come to be the fundamental determining element main tenets of [[psychosis]], namely, the hole in the [[symbolic]] [[order]] caused by [[foreclosure]] and the consequent "imprisonment" of the psychotic subject in the imaginary. It is also this emphasis on the [[symbolic order]] which leads [[Lacan]] ian approach to value above all the linguistic phenomena in [[psychosismadness]]: "the importance given to language phenomena in psychosis is for us the msot fruitful lesson of all."<ref>{{S3}} p. 144</ref> ---

The ===Clinical Structure===[[languagePsychosis]] phenomena most notable in is defined as one of the three [[psychosisclinical structure]] are ''disorders'' s, one of which is defined by the operation of [[languageforeclosure]]. In this operation, and the [[LacanName-of-the-Father]] argues that is not integrated in the [[presencesymbolic order|symbolic universe]] of such disorders the [[psychotic]] (it is "[[foreclosed]]"), with the result that a necessary condition for [[hole]] is [[left]] in the [[symbolic order]]. To [[speak]] of a diagnosis of [[lack|hole]] in the [[symbolic order]] is not to say that the [[psychotic]] does not have an [[unconscious]]; on the contrary, in [[psychosis]]"the unconscious is [[present]] but not functioning."<ref>{{S3}} p. 92208</ref> Among the The [[psychotic language disorders which Lacan draws attention to are holophrases and the extensive use ]] [[structure]] thus results from a certain malfunction of neologisms (which may be completely new words coined by the psychotic[[Oedipus complex]], or already existing words which a [[lack]] in the psychotic redefines).<ref>{{Ec}} p. 167</ref> In 1956[[paternal function]]; more specifically, in [[Lacanpsychosis]] attributes these the [[languagepaternal function]] disorders is reduced to the [[psychoticimage]] of the [[father]]'s (the [[lacksymbolic]] of a sufficient number of is reduced to the [[points de capitonimaginary]]).

===The lack of sufficient Psychotic Relation to Reality===In his articles on [[psychosis]] [[points de capitonFreud]] means that noted the [[psychotic experience is characterized by a constant slippage ]]'s altered relation to [[reality]]. The 'imaginary [[external]] world' of the signified under the signifier, which is a disaster for psychosis attempts to put itself in [[significationplace]]; there is a continual "casscade of reshapings of the signifier fromw hich the increasing disaster of the imaginary proceeds'external world'. (In Lacanian [[terms]], until the level is reached at which signifier and signified there are stablized in the delusional metaphor."<ref>{E}} p.217</ref> Another way of desribing this is as "a relationship altered relations between [[the subject Imaginary]] and the signifier in its most formal dimensionReal Orders, in its dimension as a pure signifier."<ref>{{S3}} p.250</ref> This relationship of the subject to the signifier parallel with an alteration in its purely formal aspect constitutes "[[the nucleus of psychosis."<ref>{{S3}} p.250</ref> "If the neurotic inhabits language, the psychotic is inhabited, possessed, by language."<ref>{{S3}} pSymbolic]] Order).250</ref>

===Schreber===In his [[seminar]] on [[psychosis]] ([[{{Y}}|1955-6]]) [[Lacan]] tackled [[Freud]]'s case [[history]] of [[Judge Schreber]], a [[paranoid]] [[schizophrenic]] who wrote a fascinating account of his illnesss entitled ''Memoirs of My Nervous [[Illness]]'' (1903). Lacan's essay "On a question preliminary to any possible treatment of psychosis (1957--------8)' enlarged on the [[ideas]] of this [[seminar]].

Of all ===Treatment===[[Freud]] was skeptical about the various forms possibility of practising [[psychoanalysis]] with [[psychotic]] [[patients]]. [[Lacan]] follows [[Freud]] in arguing that while [[psychosis]] is of great interest for [[psychoanalytic theory]], it is [[paranoiaoutside]] the field of the classical method of [[psychoanalytic treatment]], which is only appropriate for [[neurosis]]; "to use the [[technique]] that most interests Lacan, while schizophrenia and mani-depressive psychosis are rarely discussed[[Freud]] established outside the experience to which it was applied (i.e. neurosis) is as stupid as to toil at the oars when the ship is on the sand."<ref>{{S3E}} p.3-4221</ref> Lacan follows Freud in maintaining a structural distinction between paranoia and schizophrenia.

The term <!-- Not only is the classical method of [[psychoanalytic treatment]] inappropriate for [[psychotic]] [[subject]]s, but it is even contraindicated. For example [[Lacan]] points out that the technique of [[psychoanalysis]], which involves the use of the couch and [[free association]], can easily trigger off a latent [[psychosis]] arose .<ref>{{S3}} p. 15</ref> This is the [[reason]] why [[Lacan]]ian [[analyst]]s usually follow [[Freud]]'s recommendation to begin the [[treatment]] of a new [[patient]] with a series of face-to-face interviews.<ref>{{F}} p.1913c. [[SE]] XII. 123-4</ref> Only when the [[analyst]] is reasonably sure that the [[patient]] is not [[psychotic]] will the [[patient]] be asked to lie down on the couch and [[free association|free associate]]. -->This does not mean that Lacanian [[analysts]] do not work with [[psychotic]] [[patient]]s. On the contrary, much work has been done by [[Lacanian]] [[analyst]]s in the [[treatment]] of [[psychosis]]. However, the method of [[treatment]] differs substantially from that used with [[neurotic]] and [[perverse]] [[patient]]s. [[psychiatryLacan]] in himself works with [[psychotic]] [[patient]]s but left very few comments on the nineteenth century as technique he employed; rather than setting out a technical procedure for [[working]] with [[psychosis]], he limited himself to discussing the questions preliminary to any such work.<ref>{{L}} p. 1957-8b</ref><!-- [[Lacan]] rejects the approach of those who [[limit]] their analysis of [[psychosis]] to the [[imaginary order]]; "[[nothing]] is to be expected from the way psychosis is explored at the level of designating mental illness the [[imaginary]], since [[the imaginary]] [[mechanism]] is what gives psychotic [[alienation]] its [[form]], but not its dynamics."<ref>{{S3}} p. 146</ref> It is only by focusing on the [[symbolic order]] that [[Lacan]] is able to point to the fundamental determining element of [[psychosis]], namely, the hole in the [[symbolic]] [[order]] caused by [[foreclosure]] and the consequent "imprisonment" of the psychotic subject in the imaginary. It is also this emphasis on the [[symbolic order]] which leads [[Lacan]] to [[value]] above all the [[linguistic]] phenomena in [[psychosis]]: "the importance given to language phenomena in generalpsychosis is for us the msot fruitful lesson of all."<ref>{{S3}} p. 144</ref> -->

During [[Freud]]'s life, a basic distinction between [[psychosis]] and [[neurosis]] came ===The Relation of the Subject to be generally accepted, according his Speech===Lacan asserted that the failure to which [[psychosis]] designated extreme forms take account of the relation of mental illness and [[neurosis]] denoted less serious disorders. This basic distinction between [[neurosis]] and [[psychosis]] was taken up and developed by [[Freud]] himself in several papers.<ref>Freud, 1924b and 1924e</ref> [[Lacan]]'s interest in [[psychosis]] predates the subject to his interest speech had resulted in a failure to [[psychoanalysisunderstand]]psychotic phenomena.

Indeed it was his doctoral research, which concerned a psychotic <!-- ====Language Disorders==== --><!-- The [[womanlanguage]] whom phenomena most notable in [[Lacanpsychosis]] calls are ''disorders'' of [[AimÈelanguage]]', and [[Lacan]] argues that first led the [[Lacanpresence]] to of such disorders is a necessary condition for a diagnosis of [[psychoanalytic theorypsychosis]].<ref>Lacan, 1932{{S3}} p. 92</ref> It has often been remarked that [[Among the psychotic language disorders which Lacan]]'s debt draws attention to this [[patient]] is reminiscent are holophrases and the extensive use of neologisms (which may be completely new [[Freudwords]]'s debt to his first coined by the psychotic, or already existing words which the psychotic redefines).<ref>{{Ec}} p. 167</ref> In [[neurotic{{Y}}|1956]] , [[patientLacan]]s (who were also attributes these [[femalelanguage]]).  In other words, whereas disorders to the [[Freudpsychotic]]'s first approach to the [[unconsciouslack]] is by way of a sufficient [[neurosisnumber]], of ''[[Lacanpoints de capiton]]'s first approach is via [[psychosis]]'. --> It has also been common to compare <!-- The lack of sufficient ''[[Lacanpoints de capiton]]'s tortured and at times almost incomprehensible style of ' means that the psychotic experience is characterized by a constant [[writingslippage]] and of the [[speakingsignified]] to under the discourse of signifier, which is a disaster for [[psychoticsignification]] [[patient]]s.  ; there is a continual "Whatever one cascade of reshapings of the signifier fromw hich the increasing disaster of the imaginary proceeds, until the level is reached at which signifier and signified are stabilized stablized in the [[delusion]]al delusional [[metaphor]]."<ref>{{E}} p.217</ref>  [[Another ]] way of describing this is as "a [[relationship ]] between the subject and the signifier in its most [[formal ]] [[dimension]], in its dimension as a pure signifier."<ref>{{S3}} p.250</ref>  This relationship of the subject to the signifier in its purely formal aspect constitutes "the nucleus of psychosis."<ref>{{S3}} p. 250</ref>  "If the neurotic inhabits language, the psychotic is inhabited, possessed, by language."<ref>{{S3}} p.250</ref> Of all the various forms of [[psychosis]], it is [[paranoia]] that most interests [[Lacan]], while [[schizophrenia]] and manic-depressive [[psychosis]] are rarely discussed.<ref>{{S3}} p.3-4</ref> [[Lacan]] follows [[Freud]] in maintaining a structural distinction between [[paranoia]] and [[schizophrenia]]. Defined in clincal [[psychiatry]] as a serious mental illness affecting the whole of the personality. Unlike a patient suffering from [[neurosis]], the [[psychotic]] cannot be treated on a consensual basis and may therefore have to be committed to a psychiatric institution.  The word ''Psychose'' has been current since the 1840s, but was originally used to refer to any form of mental illness.<ref>Laplanche and Pontalis 1967</ref> The distinction between psychosis and neurosis was introduced and gradually refined in the course of the nineteenth century, and is basic to psychoanalysis. In psychoanalysis, 'psychosis' is used to describe conditions such as hallucinatory confusion, paranoia and schizophrenia. Freud's theory of psychoanalysis was developed primarily with reference to neurosis. Lacan, in contrast, began his career by working with psychotics in psychiatric hospitals before he became a psychoanalyst (1932) and therefore elaborates a more specific theory of the origins of psychosis. Contrasting neurosis snad psychosis, Freud argues that, whilst both conditions originate in a conflict between the ego and other agencies of the psyche, psychosis results from a disturbance in the ego's relationship with the external world, neurosis from a conflict between the ego and the id. In psychosis the ego withdraws from some part or aspect of the rela world, either fialing to perceive it or being unaffected by its perceptiuon of it.. Lacan draws on Freud's comment and remarks on the case of Daniel Paul Schrebe, an appeal court judge who wrote an autobiographicla account of his paranoid delusions, to elaborate the thesis that psychosis is trigged by the specific mechanism of [[foreclosure]].<ref>Lacan 1957-8, 1981</ref> A key signifier or the name of the father is expelled or foreclosed fromt he subject's symbolic world and a hole or rent is left in its ploace. The foreclosed signifier is not integrated into the unconscious thanks to an act of repression,a nd therefore cannot return on the form of a neurotic signifier. It returns, rather, in the real, usually in the form of persecutory hallucinations and delusions. A mental condition whereby the patient completely loses touch with reality.  ==Psychosis versus Neurosis==The term '[[psychosis]]' denotes an severe form of [[pathology|mental illness]], while '[[neurosis]]' denotes less severe forms. [[Sigmund Freud]] elaborated a distinction between [[psychosis]] and [[neurosis]].<ref>Freud, 1924b and 1924e</ref> <blockquote>"[In] neurosis the ego suppresses part of the id out of allegiance to reality, whereas in psychosis it lets itself be carried away by the id and detached from a part of reality."<ref>5.202</ref></blockquote> ==Psychosis and Lacan==[[Jacques Lacan]] studied [[psychosis]] for his doctoral research about a [[woman]] he calls "[[Aimee]]."<ref>{{1932}}</ref> It is common to compare Lacan's style of writing and speaking to the discourse of psychotic patients. [[Psychosis]] has many different forms: [[paranoia]], [[schizophrenia]], and [[manic-depression]].<ref>S3, 3-4</ref>