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{{ToppToppp}}psychose]]|-|| [[German]]: ''[[Psychose{{Bottom}}

The term "[[psychosisPsychosis]]" is used in a nosological [[psychoanalysiscategory]] to describe a ''severe mental disorder'', more serious than distinct from [[neurosis]], characterized by disorganized thought processes, disorientation in time and space, hallucinations, and delusions[[perversion]]. Paranoia It is brought [[about]] by the [[foreclosure]] of a primordial [[signifier]], manic depression, megalomania, and schizophrenia are all psychosesthe [[Name-of-the-Father]].

==Jacques In his seminar of 1955-56 ([[Seminar III|Seminar III, ''The Psychoses'']]), Lacan==argues that there is a [[defense mechanism]] specific to [[psychosis]] on the grounds that the peculiarly invasive and devastating [[Lacannature]]of psychotics's interest in delusional systems and hallucinations indicates major [[structural]] differences between [[psychosis]] and [[neurosis]].<!--The term [[psychosis]] predates his interest is used in many ways, but in general refers to [[psychoanalysispeople]] [[suffering]] from so-called [[schizophrenia]]. Indeed it was his doctoral research, which concerned a psychotic woman whom with [[hallucination]]s and [[delusion]]s; manic [[Lacandepression]] calls ; various [[Aiméeparanoia|paranoid states]] that first led ; and severe hypochondrial, [[Lacanobsessional neurosis|obsessional]] to , or [[psychoanalytic theorynarcissism|narcissistic states]].<ref>{{1932}}</ref> The term "[[psychosis]]" is used in [[psychoanalysis]] to describe a ''severe [[Lacanmental]]disorder'', more serious than [[neurosis]], characterized by disorganized [[thought]] [[processes]], disorientation in [[time]] and [[space]], [[hallucination]]s most detailed discussion , and [[delusion]]s. Types of [[psychosis]] appears in his include [[paranoia]], [[manic depression]], [[megalomania]], and [[schizophrenia]]. [[Psychosis]] has many different forms: [[paranoia]], [[seminarschizophrenia]] of 1955, and [[manic-6depression]]. Common features are difficult to define exactly, entitled simply ''but psychoanalytically [[speaking]] one can see [[Seminar III|The Psychosesthree]]''.broad features in psychotic patients:

# A [[Psychosisparticular]] is defined as one relation to reality# A special relation of the three subject to his [[clinical structurespeech]]s, one of which is defined by the operation ;# A particular structure of [[foreclosure]]. In this operation, the [[Namesubject-of-the-Father]] >==Sigmund Freud==It is not integrated in the [[symbolic order|symbolic universetrue]] of the [[psychotic]] (it is "[[foreclosed]]"), with the result that a hole is left in Freud had found that the [[symbolic orderdiscourse]]. To speak of a hole in the [[symbolic order]] is not to say that psychotic and the apparently bizarre and meaningless phenomena of psychosis could be deciphered and [[psychotic]] does not have an [[unconsciousunderstood]]; on the contrary, in just as [[psychosisdreams]] "the unconscious is present but not functioningcan."<ref>{{S3}} p. 208</ref> The [[psychotic]] Freud's [[structureanalysis]] thus results from a certain malfunction of the psychotic [[Oedipus complexSchreber]]'s memoirs thus broke with contemporary approaches to psychosis, a [[lack]] in the [[paternal function]]; more specifically, in [[psychosis]] the [[paternal function]] is reduced to which regarded psychotics as beyond the [[image]] limits of the [[fatherunderstanding]] (the [[symbolic]] is reduced to the [[imaginary]]Freud, 1951).

In [[Lacan]]ian [[psychoanalysis]] it is important to distinguish between [[Freud claims that in both neurosis and psychosis]], which there is a [[clinical structurewithdrawal]]of investment, and or [[psychoticobject]] phenomena such as -[[delusionscathexis]] and , from [[hallucinationsobjects]]. Two conditions are required for psychotic phenomena to emerge: in the [[subjectworld]] must have a [[psychotic]] [[structure]], and the [[Name-of-the-Father]] must be "called into symbolic opposition to the subject."<ref>{{E}} p. 217</ref> In the [[absencecase]] of neurosis the first conditionobject-cathexis is retained, no confrontation with but is invested in fantasized objects in the paternal signifier will ever lead to psychotic phenomena; a neurotic's [[neuroticinternal]] can never "become psychotic."<ref>{{S3}} pworld. 15</ref> In the [[absence]] case of psychosis the withdrawn cathexis is invested in the second condition, ego at the expense of all object-[[psychoticcathexes]] , even in [[structurefantasy]] will remain latent. It is thus conceivable that a This turning of [[subjectlibido]] may have a upon the ego accounts for [[psychoticsymptoms]] such as [[structurehypochondria]] and yet never develop megalomania. The delusional [[delusionssystem]] or experience , the most striking feature of psychosis, arises in a second [[hallucinationstage]]s. When both conditions are fulfilled, Freud characterizes the [[psychosisconstruction]] is "triggered offof a delusional system as an attempt at recovery in which the psychotic re-establishes a new, often very intense," relation with the latent [[psychosis]] becomes manifest people and things in the world by way of a delusional [[hallucination]]s and/or [[delusionsformation]].

==Borromean KnotJacques Lacan=====History===In the 1970s [[Lacan]] reformulates his approach to discussed [[psychosis]] around the notion of the throughout his [[borromean knot]]. The three rings in the knot represent the three [[orders]]Jacques Lacan: the [[real]], the [[symbolic]] and the [[imaginaryBibliography|work]]. While His interest in [[neurosispsychosis]] these three rings are linked together in a particular way, predates his interest in [[psychosispsychoanalysis]] they become disentangled. This [[psychotic]] disassociation may sometimes however be avoided by a [[sinthome|symptomaatic formation]] which acts as a fourth ring holding the other three together. ==Treatment==[[Jacques Lacan]] follows [[Freud]] in arguing that while studied [[psychosis]] is of great interest for his doctoral research about a [[psychoanalytic theorywoman]], it is outside the field of the classical method of [[psychoanalytic treatment]], which is only appropriate for [[neurosis]]; he calls "to use the technique that [[FreudAimee]] established outside the experience to which it was applied (i.e. neurosis) is as stupid as to toil at the oars when the ship is on the sand."<ref>{{E1932}} p. 221</ref> Not only is the classical method of [[psychoanalytic treatment]] inappropriate for [[psychotic]] [[subject]]s, but Indeed it is even contraindicated. For example [[Lacan]] points out that the technique of [[psychoanalysis]]was his doctoral research, which involves the use of the couch and concerned a [[free associationpsychotic]], can easily trigger off a latent [[psychosiswoman]].<ref>{{S3}} p. 15</ref> This is the reason why whom [[Lacan]]ian calls [[analystAimée]]s usually follow that first led [[FreudLacan]]'s recommendation to begin the [[treatment]] of a new [[patientpsychoanalytic theory]] with a series of face-to-face interviews.<ref>{{F1932}} p.1913c. [[SE]] XII. 123-4</ref> Only when the [[analyst]] is reasonably sure that the [[patient]] It is not [[psychotic]] will the [[patient]] be asked common to lie down on the couch and compare [[free association|free associate]]. This does not mean that Lacanian analysts do not work with [[psychotic]] [[patientLacan]]'s. On the contrary, much work has been done by tortured and at [[Lacanian]] [[analyst]]s in the [[treatmenttimes]] almost incomprehensible style of [[psychosiswriting]]. However, and speaking to the method discourse of [[treatment]] differs substantially from that used with [[neurotic]] and [[perversepsychotic]] [[patient]]s. [[Lacan]] himself works with [[psychotic]] [[patient]]'s but left very few comments on the technique he employed; rather than setting out a technical procedure for working with [[psychosis]], he limited himself to discussing the questions preliminary to any such work.<ref>{{L}} p. 1957-8b</ref>  ------- [[Lacan]] rejects the approach of those who limit their analysis discussions of [[psychosis]] to the [[imaginary order]]; "nothing is to be expected from are among the way psychosis is explored at the level of the [[imaginary]], since the imaginary mechanism is what gives psychotic alienation its form, but not its dynamics."<ref>{{S3}} p. 146</ref> It is only by focusing on the [[symbolic order]] that [[Lacan]] is able to point to the fundamental determining element of [[psychosis]], namely, the hole in the [[symbolic]] [[order]] caused by [[foreclosure]] and the consequent "imprisonment" of the psychotic subject in the imaginary. It is also this emphasis on the [[symbolic order]] which leads [[Lacan]] to value above all the linguistic phenomena in [[psychosis]]: "the importance given to language phenomena in psychosis is for us the msot fruitful lesson of all."<ref>{{S3}} p. 144</ref> --- The [[language]] phenomena most notable in [[psychosis]] are ''disorders'' of [[language]], significant and [[Lacan]] argues that the [[presence]] of such disorders is a necessary condition for a diagnosis original aspects of his [[psychosiswork]].<ref>{{S3}} p. 92</ref> Among the psychotic language disorders which Lacan draws attention to are holophrases and the extensive use of neologisms (which may be completely new words coined by the psychotic, or already existing words which the psychotic redefines).<ref>{{Ec}} p. 167</ref> In 1956, [[Lacan]] attributes these [[language]] disorders to the [[psychotic]]'s most detailed [[lackdiscussion]] of a sufficient number of [[points de capitonpsychosis]]. The lack of sufficient [[points de capiton]] means that the psychotic experience is characterized by a constant slippage of the signified under the signifier, which is a disaster for appears in his [[significationseminar]]; there is a continual "casscade of reshapings of the signifier fromw hich the increasing disaster of the imaginary proceeds, until the level is reached at which signifier and signified are stablized in the delusional metaphor."<ref>{E}} p.217</ref> Another way of desribing this is as "a relationship between the subject and the signifier in its most formal dimension, in its dimension as a pure signifier."<ref>{{S3}} p.250</ref> This relationship of the subject to the signifier in its purely formal aspect constitutes "the nucleus of psychosis."<ref>{{S3}} p.250</ref> "If the neurotic inhabits language, the psychotic is inhabited, possessed, by language."<ref>{{S3}} p.250</ref>  --------1955- Of all the various forms of psychosis, it is [[paranoia]] that most interests Lacan6, while schizophrenia and mani-depressive psychosis are rarely discussed.<ref>{{S3}} p.3-4</ref> Lacan follows Freud in maintaining a structural distinction between paranoia and schizophrenia.  The term [[psychosis]] arose in [[psychiatry]] in the nineteenth century as a way of designating mental illness in general.  During [[Freud]]entitled simply 's life, a basic distinction between [[psychosis]] and [[neurosis]] came to be generally accepted, according to which [[psychosis]] designated extreme forms of mental illness and [[neurosis]] denoted less serious disorders. This basic distinction between [[neurosis]] and [[psychosis]] was taken up and developed by [[Freud]] himself in several papers.<ref>Freud, 1924b and 1924e</ref> [[Lacan]]'s interest in [[psychosis]] predates his interest in [[psychoanalysisSeminar III|The Psychoses]].  Indeed it was his doctoral research, which concerned a psychotic [[woman]] whom [[Lacan]] calls '[[AimÈe]]', that first led [[Lacan]] to [[psychoanalytic theory]].<ref>Lacan, 1932</ref>  It has often been remarked is here that [[Lacan]]'s debt he expounds what come to this [[patient]] is reminiscent be the main tenets of [[Freud]]'s debt to his first [[neurotic]] [[patient]]s (who were also [[female]]).  In other words, whereas [[Freud]]'s first approach to the [[unconscious]] is by way of [[neurosis]], [[Lacan]]'s first ian approach is via to [[psychosismadness]].

It has also been common ===Clinical Structure===[[Psychosis]] is defined as one of the three [[clinical structure]]s, one of which is defined by the operation of [[foreclosure]]. In this operation, the [[Name-of-the-Father]] is not integrated in the [[symbolic order|symbolic universe]] of the [[psychotic]] (it is "[[foreclosed]]"), with the result that a [[hole]] is [[left]] in the [[symbolic order]]. To [[speak]] of a [[lack|hole]] in the [[symbolic order]] is not to compare say that the [[psychotic]] does not have an [[unconscious]]; on the contrary, in [[psychosis]] "the unconscious is [[present]] but not functioning."<ref>{{S3}} p. 208</ref> The [[psychotic]] [[Lacanstructure]]'s tortured and at times almost incomprehensible style thus results from a certain malfunction of the [[Oedipus complex]], a [[lack]] in the [[writingpaternal function]] and ; more specifically, in [[speakingpsychosis]]the [[paternal function] ] is reduced to the discourse [[image]] of the [[psychoticfather]] (the [[symbolic]] is reduced to the [[patientimaginary]]s).

"Whatever one are stabilized ===The Psychotic Relation to Reality===In his articles on [[psychosis]] [[Freud]] noted the [[psychotic]]'s altered relation to [[reality]]. The 'imaginary [[external]] world' of a psychosis attempts to put itself in [[place]] of the 'external world'. (In Lacanian [[delusionterms]]al , there are altered relations between [[metaphorthe Imaginary]]and Real Orders, in parallel with an alteration in [[the Symbolic]] Order)."<ref>{{E}} p.217</ref>

Another way In studying [[psychosis]] Lacan stated, following [[Freud]], that "the problem lies not in the reality that is lost, but in that which takes its place."<ref>{{E}} p. 188-9</ref> Lacan emphasized the 'rent' or [[gap]] that appears in the relation of the psychotic subject to the world, and the nature of describing the 'patch' which the psychotic subject applies over this gap.<!-- ====Psychotic Phenomena==== --><!-- In [[Lacan]]ian [[psychoanalysis]] it is important to distinguish between [[psychosis]], which is a [[clinical structure]], and [[psychotic]] phenomena such as [[delusions]] and [[hallucinations]]. Two [[conditions]] are required for psychotic phenomena to emerge: the [[subject]] must have a [[psychotic]] [[structure]], and the [[Name-of-the-Father]] must be "a relationship between called into symbolic opposition to the subject and ."<ref>{{E}} p. 217</ref> In the [[absence]] of the first condition, no confrontation with the paternal signifier in its most formal dimension, in its dimension as will ever lead to psychotic phenomena; a pure signifier[[neurotic]] can never "become psychotic."<ref>{{S3}} p.25015</ref> In the [[absence]] of the second condition, the [[psychotic]] [[structure]] will remain [[latent]]. It is thus conceivable that a [[subject]] may have a [[psychotic]] [[structure]] and yet never develop [[delusions]] or [[experience]] [[hallucination]]s. When both conditions are fulfilled, the [[psychosis]] is "triggered off," the latent [[psychosis]] becomes [[manifest]] in [[hallucination]]s and/or [[delusions]]. --><!-- ==[[Borromean Knot]]== --><!-- In the 1970s [[Lacan]] reformulates his approach to [[psychosis]] around the [[notion]] of the [[borromean knot]]. The three rings in the [[knot]] [[represent]] the three [[orders]]: the [[real]], the [[symbolic]] and the [[imaginary]]. While in [[neurosis]] these three rings are linked together in a particular way, in [[psychosis]] they become disentangled. This [[psychotic]] disassociation may sometimes however be avoided by a [[sinthome|symptomaatic formation]] which [[acts]] as a fourth ring holding the [[other]] three together. -->

This relationship of the subject to the signifier in its purely formal aspect constitutes "the nucleus of ===Schreber===In his [[seminar]] on [[psychosis."<ref>]] ([[{{S3Y}} p|1955-6]]) [[Lacan]] tackled [[Freud]]'s case [[history]] of [[Judge Schreber]], a [[paranoid]] [[schizophrenic]] who wrote a fascinating account of his illnesss entitled ''Memoirs of My Nervous [[Illness]]'' (1903). Lacan's essay "On a question preliminary to any possible treatment of psychosis (1957-8)' enlarged on the [[ideas]] of this [[seminar]]. 250</ref>

"If the neurotic inhabits language, ===Treatment===[[Freud]] was skeptical about the possibility of practising [[psychoanalysis]] with [[psychotic ]] [[patients]]. [[Lacan]] follows [[Freud]] in arguing that while [[psychosis]] is inhabitedof great interest for [[psychoanalytic theory]], possessedit is [[outside]] the field of the classical method of [[psychoanalytic treatment]], by languagewhich is only appropriate for [[neurosis]]; "to use the [[technique]] that [[Freud]] established outside the experience to which it was applied (i.e. neurosis) is as stupid as to toil at the oars when the ship is on the sand."<ref>{{S3E}} p.250221</ref>

Of all <!-- Not only is the various forms classical method of [[psychosispsychoanalytic treatment]] inappropriate for [[psychotic]] [[subject]]s, but it is even contraindicated. For example [[paranoiaLacan]] points out that most interests the technique of [[psychoanalysis]], which involves the use of the couch and [[free association]], can easily trigger off a latent [[psychosis]].<ref>{{S3}} p. 15</ref> This is the [[reason]] why [[Lacan]]ian [[analyst]]s usually follow [[Freud]]'s recommendation to begin the [[treatment]] of a new [[patient]] with a series of face-to-face interviews.<ref>{{F}} p.1913c. [[SE]] XII. 123-4</ref> Only when the [[analyst]] is reasonably sure that the [[patient]] is not [[psychotic]] will the [[patient]] be asked to lie down on the couch and [[free association|free associate]]. -->This does not mean that Lacanian [[analysts]] do not work with [[psychotic]] [[patient]]s. On the contrary, much work has been done by [[Lacanian]] [[analyst]]s in the [[treatment]] of [[psychosis]]. However, while the method of [[treatment]] differs substantially from that used with [[schizophrenianeurotic]] and manic[[perverse]] [[patient]]s. [[Lacan]] himself works with [[psychotic]] [[patient]]s but left very few comments on the technique he employed; rather than setting out a technical procedure for [[working]] with [[psychosis]], he limited himself to discussing the questions preliminary to any such work.<ref>{{L}} p. 1957-depressive 8b</ref><!-- [[Lacan]] rejects the approach of those who [[limit]] their analysis of [[psychosis]] to the [[imaginary order]]; "[[nothing]] is to be expected from the way psychosis is explored at the level of the [[imaginary]], since [[the imaginary]] [[mechanism]] is what gives psychotic [[alienation]] its [[form]], but not its dynamics."<ref>{{S3}} p. 146</ref> It is only by focusing on the [[symbolic order]] that [[Lacan]] is able to point to the fundamental determining element of [[psychosis]] are rarely discussed, namely, the hole in the [[symbolic]] [[order]] caused by [[foreclosure]] and the consequent "imprisonment" of the psychotic subject in the imaginary. It is also this emphasis on the [[symbolic order]] which leads [[Lacan]] to [[value]] above all the [[linguistic]] phenomena in [[psychosis]]: "the importance given to language phenomena in psychosis is for us the msot fruitful lesson of all."<ref>{{S3}} p.3-4144</ref> -->

[[===The Relation of the Subject to his Speech===Lacan]] follows [[Freud]] asserted that the failure to take account of the relation of the subject to his speech had resulted in maintaining a structural distinction between [[paranoia]] and failure to [[schizophreniaunderstand]]psychotic phenomena.

Defined <!-- ====Language Disorders==== --><!-- The [[language]] phenomena most notable in clincal [[psychiatrypsychosis]] as a serious mental illness affecting the whole are ''disorders'' of the personality. Unlike a patient suffering from [[neurosislanguage]], and [[Lacan]] argues that the [[psychoticpresence]] cannot be treated on of such disorders is a consensual basis and may therefore have to be committed to necessary condition for a psychiatric institution.  The word ''Psychose'' has been current since the 1840s, but was originally used to refer to any form diagnosis of mental illness[[psychosis]].<ref>Laplanche and Pontalis 1967{{S3}} p. 92</ref> The distinction between psychosis and neurosis was introduced and gradually refined in Among the course of the nineteenth century, and is basic to psychoanalysis. In psychoanalysis, 'psychosis' is used to describe conditions such as hallucinatory confusion, paranoia and schizophrenia. Freud's theory of psychoanalysis was developed primarily with reference to neurosis. psychotic language disorders which Lacan, in contrast, began his career by working with psychotics in psychiatric hospitals before he became a psychoanalyst (1932) and therefore elaborates a more specific theory of the origins of psychosis. Contrasting neurosis snad psychosis, Freud argues that, whilst both conditions originate in a conflict between the ego and other agencies of the psyche, psychosis results from a disturbance in the ego's relationship with the external world, neurosis from a conflict between the ego and the id. In psychosis the ego withdraws from some part or aspect of the rela world, either fialing draws attention to perceive it or being unaffected by its perceptiuon of it.. Lacan draws on Freud's comment are holophrases and remarks on the case of Daniel Paul Schrebe, an appeal court judge who wrote an autobiographicla account of his paranoid delusions, to elaborate the thesis that psychosis is trigged by the specific mechanism extensive use of neologisms (which may be completely new [[foreclosurewords]]coined by the psychotic, or already existing words which the psychotic redefines).<ref>Lacan 1957-8, 1981{{Ec}} p. 167</ref> A key signifier or In [[{{Y}}|1956]], [[Lacan]] attributes these [[language]] disorders to the name of the father is expelled or foreclosed fromt he subject[[psychotic]]'s symbolic world and a hole or rent is left in its ploace. The foreclosed signifier is not integrated into the unconscious thanks to an act of repression,a nd therefore cannot return on the form of a neurotic signifier. It returns, rather, in the real, usually in the form of persecutory hallucinations and delusions. A mental condition whereby the patient completely loses touch with reality.  ==Psychosis versus Neurosis==The term '[[psychosislack]]' denotes an severe form of a sufficient [[pathology|mental illnessnumber]], while of ''[[neurosispoints de capiton]]' denotes less severe forms'. --><!-- The lack of sufficient ''[[Sigmund Freudpoints de capiton]] elaborated '' means that the psychotic experience is characterized by a distinction between constant [[psychosisslippage]] and of the [[neurosissignified]].<ref>Freudunder the signifier, 1924b and 1924e</ref> <blockquote>"which is a disaster for [[Insignification]] neurosis ; there is a continual "cascade of reshapings of the ego suppresses part signifier fromw hich the increasing disaster of the id out of allegiance to realityimaginary proceeds, whereas until the level is reached at which signifier and signified are stablized in psychosis it lets itself be carried away by the id and detached from a part of realitydelusional [[metaphor]]."<ref>5{{E}} p.202217</ref></blockquote> ==Psychosis and Lacan==[[Jacques LacanAnother]] studied way of describing this is as "a [[psychosisrelationship]] for his doctoral research about a between the subject and the signifier in its most [[womanformal]] he calls "[[Aimeedimension]], in its dimension as a pure signifier."<ref>{{1932S3}}p. 250</ref> It is common to compare Lacan's style This relationship of writing and speaking the subject to the discourse signifier in its purely formal aspect constitutes "the nucleus of psychosis."<ref>{{S3}} p.250</ref> "If the neurotic inhabits language, the psychotic patients. [[Psychosis]] has many different forms: [[paranoia]]is inhabited, [[schizophrenia]]possessed, and [[manic-depression]]by language."<ref>{{S3, 3-4}} p. 250</ref> -->