Defined in clincal psychiatry as a serious mental illness affecting the whole of the personality.{{Toppp}}psychose]]Unlike a patient suffering from |-|| [[neurosisGerman]], the psychotic cannot be treated on a consensual basis and may therefore have to be committed to a psychiatric institution.: ''[[Psychose{{Bottom}}
[[Psychosis]] is a nosological [[category]] distinct from [[neurosis]] and [[perversion]]. It is brought [[about]] by the [[foreclosure]] of a primordial [[signifier]], the [[Name-of-the-Father]].
The word In his seminar of 1955-56 ([[Seminar III|Seminar III, ''PsychoseThe Psychoses'' has been current since the 1840s]]), but was originally used Lacan argues that there is a [[defense mechanism]] specific to refer to any form [[psychosis]] on the grounds that the peculiarly invasive and devastating [[nature]] of mental illness.<ref>Laplanche psychotics' delusional systems and Pontalis 1967</ref>The distinction hallucinations indicates major [[structural]] differences between [[psychosis ]] and [[neurosis was introduced and gradually refined in the course of the nineteenth century, and is basic to psychoanalysis]].In psychoanalysis, '<!--The term [[psychosis' ]] is used in many ways, but in general refers to describe conditions such as hallucinatory confusion[[people]] [[suffering]] from so-called [[schizophrenia]], with [[hallucination]]s and [[delusion]]s; manic [[depression]]; various [[paranoia |paranoid states]]; and schizophreniasevere hypochondrial, [[obsessional neurosis|obsessional]], or [[narcissism|narcissistic states]].Freud's theory of The term "[[psychosis]]" is used in [[psychoanalysis was developed primarily with reference ]] to describe a ''severe [[mental]] disorder'', more serious than [[neurosis.Lacan]], characterized by disorganized [[thought]] [[processes]], disorientation in contrast[[time]] and [[space]], [[hallucination]]s, began his career by working with psychotics in psychiatric hospitals before he became a psychoanalyst (1932) and therefore elaborates a more specific theory of the origins [[delusion]]s. Types of [[psychosis]] include [[paranoia]], [[manic depression]], [[megalomania]], and [[schizophrenia]].[[Psychosis]] has many different forms: [[paranoia]], [[schizophrenia]], and [[manic-depression]]. Common features are difficult to define exactly, but psychoanalytically [[speaking]] one can see [[three]] broad features in psychotic patients:
# A [[particular]] relation to reality
# A special relation of the subject to his [[speech]];
# A particular structure of the subject
-->
==Sigmund Freud==
It is [[true]] that Freud had found that the [[discourse]] of the psychotic and the apparently bizarre and meaningless phenomena of psychosis could be deciphered and [[understood]], just as [[dreams]] can. Freud's [[analysis]] of the psychotic [[Schreber]]'s memoirs thus broke with contemporary approaches to psychosis, which regarded psychotics as beyond the limits of [[understanding]] (Freud, 1951).
Contrasting neurosis snad psychosisHowever, as Lacan points out, Freud argues the fact that, whilst both conditions originate in a conflict between the ego and other agencies psychotic's discourse is just as interpretable as that of the psyche, psychosis results from a disturbance in neurotic leaves the two disorders at the ego's relationship with same level and fails to account for the external worldmajor differences between [[them]], neurosis from a conflict thus the [[distinction]] between the ego and the idtwo remains to be explained.In psychosis the ego withdraws from some part or aspect It is around this issue of the rela world, either fialing different mechanisms in psychosis and neurosis that Lacan's major contribution to perceive it or being unaffected by its perceptiuon the study of it.psychosis revolves.
Lacan draws on Freud's comment claims that in both neurosis and remarks on the case psychosis there is a [[withdrawal]] of Daniel Paul Schrebeinvestment, an appeal court judge who wrote an autobiographicla account of his paranoid delusionsor [[object]]-[[cathexis]], to elaborate from [[objects]] in the thesis that psychosis is trigged by the specific mechanism of [[foreclosureworld]].<ref>Lacan 1957-8, 1981</ref>A key signifier or In the name [[case]] of neurosis the father object-cathexis is retained, but is expelled or foreclosed fromt he subjectinvested in fantasized objects in the neurotic's symbolic [[internal]] world and a hole or rent . In the case of psychosis the withdrawn cathexis is left invested in its ploacethe ego at the expense of all object-[[cathexes]], even in [[fantasy]]. This turning of [[libido]] upon the ego accounts for [[symptoms]] such as [[hypochondria]] and megalomania.The foreclosed signifier is not integrated into delusional [[system]], the unconscious thanks to an act most striking feature of repressionpsychosis,arises in a nd therefore cannot return on second [[stage]]. Freud characterizes the form [[construction]] of a neurotic signifier.It returnsdelusional system as an attempt at recovery in which the psychotic re-establishes a new, ratheroften very intense, in relation with the real, usually people and things in the form world by way of persecutory hallucinations and delusionsa delusional [[formation]].
==Jacques Lacan==
===History===
[[Lacan]] discussed [[psychosis]] throughout his [[Jacques Lacan:Bibliography|work]]. His interest in [[psychosis]] predates his interest in [[psychoanalysis]]. [[Jacques Lacan]] studied [[psychosis]] for his doctoral research about a [[woman]] he calls "[[Aimee]]."<ref>{{1932}}</ref> Indeed it was his doctoral research, which concerned a [[psychotic]] [[woman]] whom [[Lacan]] calls [[Aimée]] that first led [[Lacan]] to [[psychoanalytic theory]].<ref>{{1932}}</ref> It is common to compare [[Lacan]]'s tortured and at [[times]] almost incomprehensible style of [[writing]] and speaking to the discourse of [[psychotic]] [[patient]]s. [[Lacan]]'s discussions of [[psychosis]] are among the most significant and original aspects of his [[work]]. [[Lacan]]'s most detailed [[discussion]] of [[psychosis]] appears in his [[seminar]] of 1955-6, entitled simply ''[[Seminar III|The Psychoses]]''. It is here that he expounds what come to be the main tenets of the [[Lacan]]ian approach to [[madness]].
A mental condition whereby ===Clinical Structure===[[Psychosis]] is defined as one of the patient completely loses touch three [[clinical structure]]s, one of which is defined by the operation of [[foreclosure]]. In this operation, the [[Name-of-the-Father]] is not integrated in the [[symbolic order|symbolic universe]] of the [[psychotic]] (it is "[[foreclosed]]"), with realitythe result that a [[hole]] is [[left]] in the [[symbolic order]]. To [[speak]] of a [[lack|hole]] in the [[symbolic order]] is not to say that the [[psychotic]] does not have an [[unconscious]]; on the contrary, in [[psychosis]] "the unconscious is [[present]] but not functioning."<ref>{{S3}} p. 208</ref> The [[psychotic]] [[structure]] thus results from a certain malfunction of the [[Oedipus complex]], a [[lack]] in the [[paternal function]]; more specifically, in [[psychosis]] the [[paternal function]] is reduced to the [[image]] of the [[father]] (the [[symbolic]] is reduced to the [[imaginary]]).
==Psychosis versus Neurosis=The Psychotic Relation to Reality===In his articles on [[psychosis]] [[Freud]] noted the [[psychotic]]'s altered relation to [[reality]]. The term 'imaginary [[external]] world' of a psychosisattempts to put itself in [[place]]of the ' denotes an severe form of external world'. (In Lacanian [[terms]], there are altered relations between [[pathology|mental illnessthe Imaginary]]and Real Orders, while 'in parallel with an alteration in [[neurosisthe Symbolic]]' denotes less severe formsOrder).
In studying [[psychosis]] Lacan stated, following [[Sigmund Freud]] elaborated a distinction , that "the problem lies not in the reality that is lost, but in that which takes its place."<ref>{{E}} p. 188-9</ref> Lacan emphasized the 'rent' or [[gap]] that appears in the relation of the psychotic subject to the world, and the nature of the 'patch' which the psychotic subject applies over this gap.<!-- ====Psychotic Phenomena==== --><!-- In [[Lacan]]ian [[psychoanalysis]] it is important to distinguish between [[psychosis]], which is a [[clinical structure]], and [[psychotic]] phenomena such as [[delusions]] and [[neurosishallucinations]]. Two [[conditions]] are required for psychotic phenomena to emerge: the [[subject]] must have a [[psychotic]] [[structure]], and the [[Name-of-the-Father]]must be "called into symbolic opposition to the subject."<ref>{{E}} p.217</ref>FreudIn the [[absence]] of the first condition, 1924b and 1924eno confrontation with the paternal signifier will ever lead to psychotic phenomena; a [[neurotic]] can never "become psychotic."<ref>{{S3}} p. 15</ref> In the [[absence]] of the second condition, the [[psychotic]] [[structure]] will remain [[latent]]. It is thus conceivable that a [[subject]] may have a [[psychotic]] [[structure]] and yet never develop [[delusions]] or [[experience]] [[hallucination]]s. When both conditions are fulfilled, the [[psychosis]] is "triggered off," the latent [[psychosis]] becomes [[manifest]] in [[hallucination]]s and/or [[delusions]]. --><!-- ==[[Borromean Knot]]== --><!-- In the 1970s [[Lacan]] reformulates his approach to [[psychosis]] around the [[notion]] of the [[borromean knot]]. The three rings in the [[knot]] [[represent]] the three [[orders]]: the [[real]], the [[symbolic]] and the [[imaginary]]. While in [[neurosis]] these three rings are linked together in a particular way, in [[psychosis]] they become disentangled. This [[psychotic]] disassociation may sometimes however be avoided by a [[sinthome|symptomaatic formation]] which [[acts]] as a fourth ring holding the [[other]] three together. -->
<blockquote>"===Schreber===In his [[seminar]] on [[psychosis]] ([[{{Y}}|1955-6]]) [[Lacan]] tackled [[Freud]]'s case [[history]] of [[Judge Schreber]], a [[paranoid]] [[Inschizophrenic]] neurosis the ego suppresses part who wrote a fascinating account of the id out his illnesss entitled ''Memoirs of allegiance My Nervous [[Illness]]'' (1903). Lacan's essay "On a question preliminary to reality, whereas in any possible treatment of psychosis it lets itself be carried away by (1957-8)' enlarged on the id and detached from a part [[ideas]] of reality."<ref>5this [[seminar]].202</ref></blockquote>
==Psychosis and Lacan=Treatment===[[Jacques Freud]] was skeptical about the possibility of practising [[psychoanalysis]] with [[psychotic]] [[patients]]. [[Lacan]] studied follows [[Freud]] in arguing that while [[psychosis]] is of great interest for [[psychoanalytic theory]], it is [[outside]] the field of the classical method of [[psychoanalytic treatment]], which is only appropriate for his doctoral research about a [[womanneurosis]] he calls ; "to use the [[technique]] that [[AimeeFreud]]established outside the experience to which it was applied (i.e. neurosis) is as stupid as to toil at the oars when the ship is on the sand."<ref>Lacan, 1932{{E}} p. 221</ref>
It <!-- Not only is the classical method of [[psychoanalytic treatment]] inappropriate for [[psychotic]] [[subject]]s, but it is even contraindicated. For example [[Lacan]] points out that the technique of [[psychoanalysis]], which involves the use of the couch and [[free association]], can easily trigger off a latent [[psychosis]].<ref>{{S3}} p. 15</ref> This is common to compare the [[reason]] why [[Lacan]]ian [[analyst]]s usually follow [[Freud]]'s style recommendation to begin the [[treatment]] of a new [[patient]] with a series of face-to-face interviews.<ref>{{F}} p.1913c. [[SE]] XII. 123-4</ref> Only when the [[analyst]] is reasonably sure that the [[patient]] is not [[psychotic]] will the [[patient]] be asked to lie down on the couch and [[free association|free associate]]. -->This does not mean that Lacanian [[analysts]] do not work with [[psychotic]] [[patient]]s. On the contrary, much work has been done by [[Lacanian]] [[analyst]]s in the [[treatment]] of writing [[psychosis]]. However, the method of [[treatment]] differs substantially from that used with [[neurotic]] and speaking [[perverse]] [[patient]]s. [[Lacan]] himself works with [[psychotic]] [[patient]]s but left very few comments on the technique he employed; rather than setting out a technical procedure for [[working]] with [[psychosis]], he limited himself to discussing the questions preliminary to any such work.<ref>{{L}} p. 1957-8b</ref><!-- [[Lacan]] rejects the approach of those who [[limit]] their analysis of [[psychosis]] to the [[imaginary order]]; "[[nothing]] is to be expected from the way psychosis is explored at the discourse level of the [[imaginary]], since [[the imaginary]] [[mechanism]] is what gives psychotic patients[[alienation]] its [[form]], but not its dynamics."<ref>{{S3}} p. 146</ref> It is only by focusing on the [[symbolic order]] that [[Lacan]] is able to point to the fundamental determining element of [[psychosis]], namely, the hole in the [[symbolic]] [[order]] caused by [[foreclosure]] and the consequent "imprisonment" of the psychotic subject in the imaginary. It is also this emphasis on the [[symbolic order]] which leads [[Lacan]] to [[value]] above all the [[linguistic]] phenomena in [[psychosis]]: "the importance given to language phenomena in psychosis is for us the msot fruitful lesson of all."<ref>{{S3}} p.144</ref> -->
===The Relation of the Subject to his Speech===Lacan asserted that the failure to take account of the relation of the subject to his speech had resulted in a failure to [[Psychosisunderstand]] has many different forms: psychotic phenomena. <!-- ====Language Disorders==== --><!-- The [[language]] phenomena most notable in [[psychosis]] are ''disorders'' of [[language]], and [[Lacan]] argues that the [[presence]] of such disorders is a necessary condition for a diagnosis of [[psychosis]].<ref>{{S3}} p. 92</ref> Among the psychotic language disorders which Lacan draws attention to are holophrases and the extensive use of neologisms (which may be completely new [[words]] coined by the psychotic, or already existing words which the psychotic redefines).<ref>{{Ec}} p. 167</ref> In [[{{Y}}|1956]], [[Lacan]] attributes these [[language]] disorders to the [[psychotic]]'s [[lack]] of a sufficient [[number]] of ''[[points de capiton]]''. --><!-- The lack of sufficient ''[[points de capiton]]'' means that the psychotic experience is characterized by a constant [[slippage]] of the [[paranoiasignified]]under the signifier, which is a disaster for [[schizophreniasignification]]; there is a continual "cascade of reshapings of the signifier fromw hich the increasing disaster of the imaginary proceeds, until the level is reached at which signifier and signified are stablized in the delusional [[metaphor]]."<ref>{{E}} p. 217</ref> [[Another]] way of describing this is as "a [[relationship]] between the subject and the signifier in its most [[formal]] [[manic-depressiondimension]], in its dimension as a pure signifier."<ref>{{S3}} p. 250</ref> This relationship of the subject to the signifier in its purely formal aspect constitutes "the nucleus of psychosis."<ref>{{S3}} p.250</ref> "If the neurotic inhabits language, the psychotic is inhabited, possessed, 3-4by language."<ref>{{S3}} p. 250</ref> -->
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