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{{Toppp}}psychose]]|-|| [[psychosisGerman]] (: ''[[psychose]]) Psychose{{Bottom}}

The term [[psychosisPsychosis]] arose in is a nosological [[category]] distinct from [[neurosis]] and [[psychiatryperversion]] in . It is brought [[about]] by the nineteenth century as [[foreclosure]] of a way primordial [[signifier]], the [[Name-of designating mental illness in general-the-Father]].

During In his seminar of 1955-56 ([[FreudSeminar III|Seminar III, ''The Psychoses'']]'s life), Lacan argues that there is a basic distinction [[defense mechanism]] specific to [[psychosis]] on the grounds that the peculiarly invasive and devastating [[nature]] of psychotics' delusional systems and hallucinations indicates major [[structural]] differences between [[psychosis]] and [[neurosis]] came .<!--The term [[psychosis]] is used in many ways, but in general refers to be generally accepted[[people]] [[suffering]] from so-called [[schizophrenia]], with [[hallucination]]s and [[delusion]]s; manic [[depression]]; various [[paranoia|paranoid states]]; and severe hypochondrial, according [[obsessional neurosis|obsessional]], or [[narcissism|narcissistic states]]. The term "[[psychosis]]" is used in [[psychoanalysis]] to which describe a ''severe [[mental]] disorder'', more serious than [[neurosis]], characterized by disorganized [[thought]] [[processes]], disorientation in [[time]] and [[space]], [[hallucination]]s, and [[delusion]]s. Types of [[psychosis]] designated extreme include [[paranoia]], [[manic depression]], [[megalomania]], and [[schizophrenia]]. [[Psychosis]] has many different forms of mental illness : [[paranoia]], [[schizophrenia]], and [[neurosismanic-depression]] denoted less serious disorders. Common features are difficult to define exactly, but psychoanalytically [[speaking]] one can see [[three]] broad features in psychotic patients:

This basic distinction between # A [[neurosisparticular]] relation to reality# A special relation of the subject to his [[speech]];# A particular structure of the subject-->==Sigmund Freud==It is [[true]] that Freud had found that the [[discourse]] of the psychotic and the apparently bizarre and meaningless phenomena of psychosis could be deciphered and [[psychosisunderstood]] was taken up and developed by , just as [[dreams]] can. Freud's [[analysis]] of the psychotic [[Schreber]]'s memoirs thus broke with contemporary approaches to psychosis, which regarded psychotics as beyond the limits of [[understanding]] himself in several papers.<ref>(Freud, 1924b and 1924e</ref>1951).

[[However, as Lacan]]points out, the fact that the psychotic's interest in discourse is just as interpretable as that of the neurotic leaves the two disorders at the same level and fails to account for the major differences between [[psychosisthem]] predates his interest in , thus the [[psychoanalysisdistinction]]between the two remains to be explained. It is around this issue of the different mechanisms in psychosis and neurosis that Lacan's major contribution to the study of psychosis revolves.

Indeed it was his doctoral researchFreud claims that in both neurosis and psychosis there is a [[withdrawal]] of investment, which concerned a psychotic or [[object]]-[[cathexis]], from [[objects]] in the [[womanworld]] whom . In the [[Lacancase]] calls of neurosis the object-cathexis is retained, but is invested in fantasized objects in the neurotic's [[AimÈeinternal]] world. In the case of psychosis the withdrawn cathexis is invested in the ego at the expense of all object-[[cathexes]]', that first led even in [[fantasy]]. This turning of [[libido]] upon the ego accounts for [[Lacansymptoms]] to such as [[psychoanalytic theoryhypochondria]]and megalomania.<ref>LacanThe delusional [[system]], the most striking feature of psychosis, 1932</ref>arises in a second [[stage]]. Freud characterizes the [[construction]] of a delusional system as an attempt at recovery in which the psychotic re-establishes a new, often very intense, relation with the people and things in the world by way of a delusional [[formation]].

==Jacques Lacan=====History===[[Lacan]] discussed [[psychosis]] throughout his [[Jacques Lacan:Bibliography|work]]. His interest in [[psychosis]] predates his interest in [[psychoanalysis]]. [[Jacques Lacan]] studied [[psychosis]] for his doctoral research about a [[woman]] he calls "[[Aimee]]."<ref>{{1932}}</ref> Indeed it was his doctoral research, which concerned a [[psychotic]] [[woman]] whom [[Lacan]] calls [[Aimée]] that first led [[Lacan]] to [[psychoanalytic theory]].<ref>{{1932}}</ref> It has often been remarked that is common to compare [[Lacan]]'s debt tortured and at [[times]] almost incomprehensible style of [[writing]] and speaking to this the discourse of [[psychotic]] [[patient]] is reminiscent s. [[Lacan]]'s discussions of [[psychosis]] are among the most significant and original aspects of his [[Freudwork]]. [[Lacan]]'s debt to most detailed [[discussion]] of [[psychosis]] appears in his first [[neuroticseminar]] of 1955-6, entitled simply ''[[Seminar III|The Psychoses]] ''. It is here that he expounds what come to be the main tenets of the [[patientLacan]]s (who were also ian approach to [[femalemadness]]).

===Clinical Structure===[[Psychosis]] is defined as one of the three [[clinical structure]]s, one of which is defined by the operation of [[foreclosure]]. In other wordsthis operation, the [[Name-of-the-Father]] is not integrated in the [[symbolic order|symbolic universe]] of the [[psychotic]] (it is "[[foreclosed]]"), whereas with the result that a [[Freudhole]]'s first approach is [[left]] in the [[symbolic order]]. To [[speak]] of a [[lack|hole]] in the [[symbolic order]] is not to say that the [[psychotic]] does not have an [[unconscious]] ; on the contrary, in [[psychosis]] "the unconscious is by way [[present]] but not functioning."<ref>{{S3}} p. 208</ref> The [[psychotic]] [[structure]] thus results from a certain malfunction of the [[neurosisOedipus complex]], a [[Lacanlack]] in the [[paternal function]]; more specifically, in [[psychosis]] the [[paternal function]] is reduced to the [[image]] of the [[father]] (the [[symbolic]]'s first approach is via reduced to the [[psychosisimaginary]]).

It has also been common ===The Psychotic Relation to compare Reality===In his articles on [[Lacanpsychosis]] [[Freud]] noted the [[psychotic]]'s tortured and at times almost incomprehensible style of altered relation to [[writingreality]] and . The 'imaginary [[speakingexternal]] world' of a psychosis attempts to put itself in [[place]] of the discourse of 'external world'. (In Lacanian [[terms]], there are altered relations between [[psychoticthe Imaginary]] and Real Orders, in parallel with an alteration in [[patientthe Symbolic]]sOrder).

In studying [[psychosis]] Lacan stated, following [[Freud]], that "the problem lies not in the reality that is lost, but in that which takes its place."Whatever one <ref>{{E}} p. 188-9</ref> Lacan emphasized the 'rent' or [[gap]] that appears in the relation of the psychotic subject to the world, and the nature of the 'patch' which the psychotic subject applies over this gap.<!-- ====Psychotic Phenomena==== --><!-- In [[Lacan]]ian [[psychoanalysis]] it is important to distinguish between [[psychosis]], which is a [[clinical structure]], and [[psychotic]] phenomena such as [[delusions]] and [[hallucinations]]. Two [[conditions]] are stabilized in required for psychotic phenomena to emerge: the [[delusionsubject]] must have a [[psychotic]]al [[metaphorstructure]], and the [[Name-of-the-Father]] must be "called into symbolic opposition to the subject."<ref>{{E}} p.217</ref> In the [[absence]] of the first condition, no confrontation with the paternal signifier will ever lead to psychotic phenomena; a [[neurotic]] can never "become psychotic."<ref>{{S3}} p. 15</ref> In the [[absence]] of the second condition, the [[psychotic]] [[structure]] will remain [[latent]]. It is thus conceivable that a [[subject]] may have a [[psychotic]] [[structure]] and yet never develop [[delusions]] or [[experience]] [[hallucination]]s. When both conditions are fulfilled, the [[psychosis]] is "triggered off," the latent [[psychosis]] becomes [[manifest]] in [[hallucination]]s and/or [[delusions]]. --><!-- ==[[Borromean Knot]]== --><!-- In the 1970s [[Lacan]] reformulates his approach to [[psychosis]] around the [[notion]] of the [[borromean knot]]. The three rings in the [[knot]] [[represent]] the three [[orders]]: the [[real]], the [[symbolic]] and the [[imaginary]]. While in [[neurosis]] these three rings are linked together in a particular way, in [[psychosis]] they become disentangled. This [[psychotic]] disassociation may sometimes however be avoided by a [[sinthome|symptomaatic formation]] which [[acts]] as a fourth ring holding the [[other]] three together. -->

Another way ===Schreber===In his [[seminar]] on [[psychosis]] ([[{{Y}}|1955-6]]) [[Lacan]] tackled [[Freud]]'s case [[history]] of describing this is as "[[Judge Schreber]], a relationship between the subject and the signifier in its most formal dimension, in its dimension as [[paranoid]] [[schizophrenic]] who wrote a pure signifierfascinating account of his illnesss entitled ''Memoirs of My Nervous [[Illness]]'' (1903). Lacan's essay "<ref>{{S3}} pOn a question preliminary to any possible treatment of psychosis (1957-8)' enlarged on the [[ideas]] of this [[seminar]].250</ref>

This relationship ===Treatment===[[Freud]] was skeptical about the possibility of practising [[psychoanalysis]] with [[psychotic]] [[patients]]. [[Lacan]] follows [[Freud]] in arguing that while [[psychosis]] is of great interest for [[psychoanalytic theory]], it is [[outside]] the field of the subject classical method of [[psychoanalytic treatment]], which is only appropriate for [[neurosis]]; "to use the [[technique]] that [[Freud]] established outside the experience to which it was applied (i.e. neurosis) is as stupid as to toil at the oars when the signifier in its purely formal aspect constitutes "ship is on the nucleus of psychosissand."<ref>{{S3E}} p. 250221</ref>

<!-- Not only is the classical method of [[psychoanalytic treatment]] inappropriate for [[psychotic]] [[subject]]s, but it is even contraindicated. For example [[Lacan]] points out that the technique of [[psychoanalysis]], which involves the use of the couch and [[free association]], can easily trigger off a latent [[psychosis]].<ref>{{S3}} p. 15</ref> This is the [[reason]] why [[Lacan]]ian [[analyst]]s usually follow [[Freud]]'s recommendation to begin the [[treatment]] of a new [[patient]] with a series of face-to-face interviews.<ref>{{F}} p.1913c. [[SE]] XII. 123-4</ref> Only when the [[analyst]] is reasonably sure that the [[patient]] is not [[psychotic]] will the [[patient]] be asked to lie down on the couch and [[free association|free associate]]. -->This does not mean that Lacanian [[analysts]] do not work with [[psychotic]] [[patient]]s. On the contrary, much work has been done by [[Lacanian]] [[analyst]]s in the [[treatment]] of [[psychosis]]. However, the method of [[treatment]] differs substantially from that used with [[neurotic]] and [[perverse]] [[patient]]s. [[Lacan]] himself works with [[psychotic]] [[patient]]s but left very few comments on the technique he employed; rather than setting out a technical procedure for [[working]] with [[psychosis]], he limited himself to discussing the questions preliminary to any such work.<ref>{{L}} p. 1957-8b</ref><!-- [[Lacan]] rejects the approach of those who [[limit]] their analysis of [[psychosis]] to the [[imaginary order]]; "If [[nothing]] is to be expected from the way psychosis is explored at the level of the neurotic inhabits language[[imaginary]], since [[the imaginary]] [[mechanism]] is what gives psychotic [[alienation]] its [[form]], but not its dynamics."<ref>{{S3}} p. 146</ref> It is only by focusing on the [[symbolic order]] that [[Lacan]] is inhabitedable to point to the fundamental determining element of [[psychosis]], possessednamely, the hole in the [[symbolic]] [[order]] caused by [[foreclosure]] and the consequent "imprisonment" of the psychotic subject in the imaginary. It is also this emphasis on the [[symbolic order]] which leads [[Lacan]] to [[value]] above all the [[linguistic]] phenomena in [[psychosis]]: "the importance given to languagephenomena in psychosis is for us the msot fruitful lesson of all."<ref>{{S3}} p.250144</ref> -->

Of all ===The Relation of the Subject to his Speech===Lacan asserted that the various forms failure to take account of the relation of the subject to his speech had resulted in a failure to [[psychosis]], it is [[paranoia]] that most interests [[Lacanunderstand]], while [[schizophrenia]] and manic-depressive [[psychosis]] are rarely discussed.<ref>{{S3}} ppsychotic phenomena.3-4</ref>

<!-- ====Language Disorders==== --><!-- The [[Lacanlanguage]] follows phenomena most notable in [[Freudpsychosis]] in maintaining a structural distinction between are ''disorders'' of [[paranoialanguage]] , and [[schizophreniaLacan]]. Defined in clincal argues that the [[psychiatrypresence]] as of such disorders is a necessary condition for a serious mental illness affecting the whole diagnosis of the personality. Unlike a patient suffering from [[neurosispsychosis]], the [[psychotic]] cannot be treated on a consensual basis and may therefore have to be committed to a psychiatric institution.  The word ''Psychose'' has been current since the 1840s, but was originally used to refer to any form of mental illness.<ref>Laplanche and Pontalis 1967{{S3}} p. 92</ref> The distinction between psychosis and neurosis was introduced and gradually refined in Among the course of the nineteenth century, and is basic to psychoanalysis. In psychoanalysis, 'psychosis' is used to describe conditions such as hallucinatory confusion, paranoia and schizophrenia. Freud's theory of psychoanalysis was developed primarily with reference to neurosis. psychotic language disorders which Lacan, in contrast, began his career by working with psychotics in psychiatric hospitals before he became a psychoanalyst (1932) and therefore elaborates a more specific theory of the origins of psychosis.  Contrasting neurosis snad psychosis, Freud argues that, whilst both conditions originate in a conflict between the ego and other agencies of the psyche, psychosis results from a disturbance in the ego's relationship with the external world, neurosis from a conflict between the ego and the id. In psychosis the ego withdraws from some part or aspect of the rela world, either fialing draws attention to perceive it or being unaffected by its perceptiuon of it.. Lacan draws on Freud's comment are holophrases and remarks on the case of Daniel Paul Schrebe, an appeal court judge who wrote an autobiographicla account of his paranoid delusions, to elaborate the thesis that psychosis is trigged by the specific mechanism extensive use of neologisms (which may be completely new [[foreclosurewords]]coined by the psychotic, or already existing words which the psychotic redefines).<ref>Lacan 1957-8, 1981{{Ec}} p. 167</ref> A key signifier or In [[{{Y}}|1956]], [[Lacan]] attributes these [[language]] disorders to the name of the father is expelled or foreclosed fromt he subject[[psychotic]]'s symbolic world and a hole or rent is left in its ploace. The foreclosed signifier is not integrated into the unconscious thanks to an act of repression,a nd therefore cannot return on the form of a neurotic signifier. It returns, rather, in the real, usually in the form of persecutory hallucinations and delusions. A mental condition whereby the patient completely loses touch with reality.  ==Psychosis versus Neurosis==The term '[[psychosislack]]' denotes an severe form of a sufficient [[pathology|mental illnessnumber]], while of ''[[neurosispoints de capiton]]' denotes less severe forms'.--> <!-- The lack of sufficient ''[[Sigmund Freudpoints de capiton]] elaborated '' means that the psychotic experience is characterized by a distinction between constant [[psychosisslippage]] and of the [[neurosissignified]].<ref>Freudunder the signifier, 1924b and 1924e</ref> <blockquote>"which is a disaster for [[Insignification]] neurosis ; there is a continual "cascade of reshapings of the ego suppresses part signifier fromw hich the increasing disaster of the id out of allegiance to realityimaginary proceeds, whereas until the level is reached at which signifier and signified are stablized in psychosis it lets itself be carried away by the id and detached from a part of realitydelusional [[metaphor]]."<ref>5{{E}} p.202217</ref></blockquote> ==Psychosis and Lacan==[[Jacques LacanAnother]] studied way of describing this is as "a [[psychosisrelationship]] for his doctoral research about a between the subject and the signifier in its most [[womanformal]] he calls "[[Aimeedimension]], in its dimension as a pure signifier."<ref>Lacan, 1932{{S3}} p. 250</ref> It is common to compare Lacan's style This relationship of writing and speaking the subject to the discourse signifier in its purely formal aspect constitutes "the nucleus of psychosis."<ref>{{S3}} p.250</ref> "If the neurotic inhabits language, the psychotic patients. [[Psychosis]] has many different forms: [[paranoia]]is inhabited, [[schizophrenia]]possessed, and [[manic-depression]]by language."<ref>{{S3, 3-4}} p. 250</ref> -->

[[Category:Jacques Lacan]]