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=====Treatment=====Since [[Freudpsychoanalytic treatment]] first used the term 'involves precisely such [[resistancerecollection]]' , the term soon came to designate denote all those obstacles that arise during the unwillingness to [[recall]] [[repressedtreatment]] and interrupt its [[memories]] to [[consciousnessprogress]]. :
[[Resistance]] manifests itself in all the ways in which the [[subject]] breaks the '"[[fundamental rule]]' " of saying everything that comes into his [[mind]].
As a consequence of this, [[ego-psychology]] placed increasing importance on overcoming the [[patient]]'s [[resistance]]s.
==Jacques ===Lacan's Criticism=====[[Lacan]] is very critical of this shift in emphasis, arguing that it easily leads to an '"inquisitorial' " style of [[psychoanalysis ]] which sees [[resistance ]] as based on the '"fundamental ill will' " of the patient.<ref>{{S1}} p.30</ref>
[[Lacan]] argues that this overlooks the structural [[nature ]] ofresistatice [[resistance]] and reduces analysis to an [[imaginary ]] [[dual relation ]].<ref>{{E}} p.78; {{Ec}} p.333ff</ref>
[[Lacan]] does accept that [[psychoanalytic treatment]] involves "analysis of resistances," but only on condition that this phrase is [[understood ]] correctly, in the [[sense ]] of "[[knowing ]] at what level the answer should be pitched."<ref>{{S2}} p.43</ref>
In other [[words]], the crucial [[thing ]] is that the [[analyst]] should be able to distinguish between interventions that are primarily orientated towards the [[imaginary]] and those that are orientated towards the [[symbolic]], and [[know ]] which are appropriate at each [[moment ]] of the [[treatment]]. ---
=====Structural Resistance=====
In [[Lacan]]'s view, [[resistance]] is not a question of the ill will of the [[analysand]]; [[resistance]] is [[structural]], and it is inherent in the [[analytic process]].
This is due, ultimately, to a [[structural]] "incompatibility between desire and speech."<ref>{{E}} p.275</ref>
Therefore there is a certain irreducible level of [[resistance]] which can never be '"overcome'".
<blockquote>"After the reduction of the [[resistance]]s, there is a residue which may be what is essential."<ref>{{S2}} p.321</ref> </blockquote>
=====Suggestion=====This irreducible '"residue' " of [[resistance]] is '"essential' " because it is the respect for this residue that distinguishes [[psychoanalysis ]] from [[suggestion]].
[[Psychoanalysis]] respects the [[right ]] of the [[patient]] to resist [[suggestion]] and indeed values that [[resistance]].
<blockquote>"When the [[subject]]'s [[resistance]] opposes [[suggestion]], it is only a [[desire]] to maintain the [[subject]]'s [[desire]]. As such it would have to be placed in the ranks of positive [[transference]]."<ref>{{E}} p.271</ref></blockquote>
This is to be understood in two ways:
==One===Lure=====
The [[resistance]] of the [[analysand]] can only succeed in obstructing the [[treatment]] when it responds to and/or evokes a [[resistance]] on the part of the [[analyst]], i.e. when the [[analyst]] is drawn into the [[lure]] of [[resistance]] (as [[Freud]] was drawn into the [[lure]] of [[Dora]]'s [[resistance]]).
<blockquote>"The patient's resistance is always your own, and when a resistance succeeds it is because you [the analyst] are in it up to your neck, because you [[understand]]."<ref>{{S3}} p.48</ref></blockquote>
Thus the [[analyst]] must follow the rule of [[neutrality ]] and not be drawn into the [[lures]] set for him by the [[patient]].
==Two===Interpretation=====
It is the [[analyst]] who provokes [[resistance]] by pushing the [[analysand]]:
<blockquote>"There is no resistance on the part of the subject."<ref>{{S2}} p.228</ref></blockquote>
<blockquote>"[[Resistance]] is the present [[state ]] of an [[interpretation]] of the [[subject]]. It is the manner in which, at the same [[time]], the subject interprets the point he's got to. ... It simply means that he [the patient] cannot move any faster."<ref>{{S2}} p.228</ref></blockquote>
[[Psychoanalytic treatment]] works on the [[principle ]] that by not forcing the [[patient]], [[resistance]] is reduced to the irreducible minimum.
Thus the [[analyst]] must avoid all forms of [[suggestion]].
The source of [[resistance]] lies in the [[ego]]:
<blockquote>"In the strict sense, the [[subject]]'s [[resistance]] is linked to the [[register]] of the [[ego]], it is an effect of the [[ego]]."<ref>{{S2}} p.127</ref></blockquote>
=====Imaginary Order=====
Thus [[resistance]] belongs to the [[imaginary]] [[order]], not to the level of the [[subject]].
<blockquote>"On the side of what is [[repressed]], on the [[unconscious]] side of things, there is no [[resistance]], there is only a tendency to [[repeat]]."<ref>{{S2}} p.321</ref> </blockquote>
This is illustrated in [[schema L]]; [[resistance ]] is the [[imaginary ]] axis '''a-a'''' which impedes the insistant [[speech ]] of the [[Other ]] (which is the axis ''A-S'').
The [[resistance]]s of the [[ego]] are [[imaginary]] [[lures]], which the [[analyst]] must be wary of [[being ]] [[deceived]] by.<ref>{{E}} p.168</ref>
Thus it can never be the [[aim]] of [[analysis]] to "strengthen the [[ego]]," as [[ego-psychology]] claims, since this would only serve to increase [[resistance]].
=====Ego-psychology=====
=====Resistance and Defence=====
[[Lacan]] also criticizes [[ego-psychology]] for confusing the concept of [[resistance]] with that of [[defense]].
[[Lacan]] argues that [[defence]] is on the side of the [[subject]], whereas [[resistance]] is on the side of the [[object]].
That is, whereas [[defence]]s are relatively [[stable ]] [[symbolic]] [[structure]]s of [[subjectivity]], [[resistance]]s are more transitory forces which prevent the [[object]] from being absorbed in the [[signifying chain]].
==See Also==
{{See}}
* [[Analysand]]
* [[Defence]]
* [[Ego]]
||
* [[Ego-psychology]]
* [[Lure]]
* [[Psychoanalysis]]
||
* [[Repression]]
* [[Structure]]
* [[Subject]]
||
* [[Suggestion]]
* [[Treatment]]
* [[Unconscious]]
{{Also}}
==References==
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