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Resistance

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{{Top}}résistance{{Bottom}}
=====Sigmund Freud=====
[[Freud]] first used the term "[[resistance]]" to designate the unwillingness to [[recall]] [[repressed]] [[memories]] to [[consciousness]].
=====Treatment=====
Since [[psychoanalytic treatment]] involves precisely such [[recollection]], the term soon came to denote all those obstacles that arise during the [[treatment]] and interrupt its [[progress]]:
<blockquote>"Whatever disturbs the progress of the [[work]] isa resistance (rÈsistance) ."<ref>{{F}} ''[[Works of Sigmund Freud first used the term |The Interpretation of Dreams]]'resistance' to desig, 1900a. [[SE]] IV-V, 517</ref></blockquote>
nate [[Resistance]] manifests itself in all the unwillingness to recall repressed memories to consciousnessways in which the [[subject]] breaks the "[[fundamental rule]]" of saying everything that comes into his [[mind]]. Since
=====Psychoanalytic Theory=====Though [[present]] in [[Freud]]'s work from the beginning, the [[concept]] of [[resistance]] began to play an increasingly important part in [[psychoanalytic theory]] as a result of the decreasing efficacy of [[analytic treatment involves precisely such recollection, ]] in the term soondecade 1910-20.
came to denote all those obstacles that arise during As a consequence of this, [[ego-psychology]] placed increasing importance on overcoming the treatment and interrupt[[patient]]'s [[resistance]]s.
its progress: =====Lacan'Whatever disturbs s Criticism=====[[Lacan]] is very critical of this shift in emphasis, arguing that it easily leads to an "inquisitorial" style of [[psychoanalysis]] which sees [[resistance]] as based on the progress "fundamental ill will" of the work is a resistance'patient.<ref>{{S1}} p. 30</ref>
(Freud, 1900a: SE V, 517)[[Lacan]] argues that this overlooks the structural [[nature]] of[[resistance]] and reduces analysis to an [[imaginary]] [[dual relation]].<ref>{{E}} p. 78; {{Ec}} p. Resistance manifests itself in all the ways in333ff</ref>
which [[Lacan]] does accept that [[psychoanalytic treatment]] involves "analysis of resistances," but only on condition that this phrase is [[understood]] correctly, in the subject breaks [[sense]] of "[[knowing]] at what level the 'fundamental rule' of saying everything thatanswer should be pitched."<ref>{{S2}} p. 43</ref>
comes into his mindIn other [[words]], the crucial [[thing]] is that the [[analyst]] should be able to distinguish between interventions that are primarily orientated towards the [[imaginary]] and those that are orientated towards the [[symbolic]], and [[know]] which are appropriate at each [[moment]] of the [[treatment]].
Though present in Freud=====Structural Resistance=====In [[Lacan]]'s work from view, [[resistance]] is not a question of the beginningill will of the [[analysand]]; [[resistance]] is [[structural]], and it is inherent in the concept of resis-[[analytic process]].
tance began This is due, ultimately, to play an increasingly important part in psychoanalytic theory asa [[structural]] "incompatibility between desire and speech."<ref>{{E}} p. 275</ref>
Therefore there is a result certain irreducible level of the decreasing efficacy of analytic treatment in the decade 1910-20[[resistance]] which can never be "overcome".
(see <blockquote>"After the reduction of the [[NTERPRETATION)resistance]]s, there is a residue which may be what is essential."<ref>{{S2}} p. As a consequence of this, ego-psychology placed increas-321</ref> </blockquote>
ing importance on overcoming =====Suggestion=====This irreducible "residue" of [[resistance]] is "essential" because it is the patient's resistancesrespect for this residue that distinguishes [[psychoanalysis]] from [[suggestion]]. Lacan is very critical
[[Psychoanalysis]] respects the [[right]] of this shift in emphasis, arguing the [[patient]] to resist [[suggestion]] and indeed values that it easily leads to an 'inquisitorial' style of[[resistance]].
psychoanalysis which sees <blockquote>"When the [[subject]]'s [[resistance as based on ]] opposes [[suggestion]], it is only a [[desire]] to maintain the [[subject]]'fundamental ill will's [[desire]]. As such it would have to be placed in the ranks of positive [[transference]]."<ref>{{E}} p.271</ref></blockquote>
(Sl=====Analyst and Analysand=====However, 30) of the patient. [[Lacan argues ]] points out that this overlooks while the structural nature of[[analyst]] cannot, and should not try to, overcome all [[resistance]], he can minimise it, or at least avoid exacerbating it.<ref>{{S2}} p. 228</ref>
resistatice and reduces He can do this by recognizing his own part in the [[analysand]]'s [[resistance]], for "there is no other [[resistance]] to [[analysis to an ]] than that of the [[Imaginaryanalyst]] dual relation (see himself."<ref>{{E, 78; Ec,}} p. 235</ref>
333ff). Lacan does accept that psychoanalytic treatment involves 'analysis ofThis is to be understood in two ways:
resistances', but =====Lure=====The [[resistance]] of the [[analysand]] can only succeed in obstructing the [[treatment]] when it responds to and/or evokes a [[resistance]] on condition that this phrase the part of the [[analyst]], i.e. when the [[analyst]] is understood correctly, indrawn into the [[lure]] of [[resistance]] (as [[Freud]] was drawn into the [[lure]] of [[Dora]]'s [[resistance]]).
the sense of <blockquote>"The patient'knowing at what level s resistance is always your own, and when a resistance succeeds it is because you [the answer should be pitched' (S2analyst] are in it up to your neck, 43)because you [[understand]]."<ref>{{S3}} p. In48</ref></blockquote>
other words, Thus the crucial thing is that [[analyst]] must follow the analyst should rule of [[neutrality]] and not be able to distinguishdrawn into the [[lures]] set for him by the [[patient]].
between interventions that are primarily orientated towards =====Interpretation=====It is the [[Imaginaryanalyst]] andwho provokes [[resistance]] by pushing the [[analysand]]:
those that are orientated towards <blockquote>"There is no resistance on the [[Symbolic]], and know which are appro-part of the subject."<ref>{{S2}} p.228</ref></blockquote>
priate <blockquote>"[[Resistance]] is the present [[state]] of an [[interpretation]] of the [[subject]]. It is the manner in which, at each moment of the treatmentsame [[time]], the subject interprets the point he's got to. ... It simply means that he [the patient] cannot move any faster."<ref>{{S2}} p.228</ref></blockquote>
In Lacan's view[[Psychoanalytic treatment]] works on the [[principle]] that by not forcing the [[patient]], [[resistance ]] is not a question of the ill will of reduced to the analysand;irreducible minimum.
resistance is structural, and it is inherent in Thus the analytic process[[analyst]] must avoid all forms of [[suggestion]]. This is due,
ultimately, to a structural 'incompatibility between desire and speech' (E,=====Ego=====The source of [[resistance]] lies in the [[ego]]:
275). Therefore there <blockquote>"In the strict sense, the [[subject]]'s [[resistance]] is linked to the [[register]] of the [[ego]], it is a certain irreducible level an effect of resistance which canthe [[ego]]."<ref>{{S2}} p.127</ref></blockquote>
never be 'overcome'; 'after =====Imaginary Order=====Thus [[resistance]] belongs to the reduction [[imaginary]] [[order]], not to the level of the resistances, there is a residue[[subject]].
which may be <blockquote>"On the side of what is essential' ([[repressed]], on the [[unconscious]] side of things, there is no [[resistance]], there is only a tendency to [[repeat]]."<ref>{{S2, }} p.321). This irreducible 'residue' of</ref> </blockquote>
This is illustrated in [[schema L]]; [[resistance ]] is the [[imaginary]] axis '''a-a'''essential' because it which impedes the insistant [[speech]] of the [[Other]] (which is the respect for this residue that distinaxis ''A-S'').
guishes psychoanalysis from SUGGESTION. Psychoanalysis respects The [[resistance]]s of the [[ego]] are [[imaginary]] [[lures]], which the right [[analyst]] must be wary of[[being]] [[deceived]] by.<ref>{{E}} p. 168</ref>
Thus it can never be the patient [[aim]] of [[analysis]] to resist suggestion and indeed values that "strengthen the [[ego]]," as [[ego-psychology]] claims, since this would only serve to increase [[resistance; 'When the]].
subject's =====Ego-psychology==========Resistance and Defence=====[[Lacan]] also criticizes [[ego-psychology]] for confusing the concept of [[resistance opposes suggestion, it is only a desire to maintain the]] with that of [[defense]].
subject's desireHowever, the [[distinction]] which [[Lacan]] draws between these two [[concepts]] is rather different from the way in which they are distinguished in Anglo-American [[psychoanalysis]]. As such it would have to be placed in the ranks of positive
transference' (E[[Lacan]] argues that [[defence]] is on the side of the [[subject]], 271)whereas [[resistance]] is on the side of the [[object]].
HoweverThat is, Lacan points out that while whereas [[defence]]s are relatively [[stable]] [[symbolic]] [[structure]]s of [[subjectivity]], [[resistance]]s are more transitory forces which prevent the analyst cannot, and should not try[[object]] from being absorbed in the [[signifying chain]].
to, overcome all resistance (S2, 228), he can minimise it, or at least avoid==See Also=={{See}}* [[Analysand]]* [[Defence]]* [[Ego]]||* [[Ego-psychology]]* [[Lure]]* [[Psychoanalysis]]||* [[Repression]]* [[Structure]]* [[Subject]]||* [[Suggestion]]* [[Treatment]]* [[Unconscious]]{{Also}}
exacerbating it. He can do this by recognising his own part in the analysand's resistance, for 'there is no other resistance to analysis than that of the analyst himself' (E, 235). This is to be understood in two ways:  1. The resistance of the analysand can only succeed in obstructing the  treatment when it responds to and/or evokes a resistance on the part of the analyst, i.e. when the analyst is drawn into the lure of resistance (as Freud was     drawn into the lure of Dora's resistance). 'The patient's resistance is always your  own, and when a resistance succeeds it is because you [the analyst] are in it up to your neck, because you understand' (S3, 48). Thus the analyst must follow the rule of neutrality and not be drawn into the lures set for him by the patient.  2. It is the analyst who provokes resistance by pushing the analysand: 'There is no resistance on the part of the subject' (S2 228). '[R]esistance is the present  state of an interpretation of the subject. It is the manner in which, at the same time, the subject interprets the point he's got to. . . . It simply means that he [the patient] cannot move any faster' (S2 228). Psychoanalytic treatment works on the principle that by not forcing the patient, resistance is reduced to the irreducible minimum. Thus the analyst must avoid all forms of suggestion.  The source of resistance lies in the ego: 'In the strict sense, the subject's resistance is linked to the register of the ego, it is an effect of the ego' (S2, 127). Thus resistance belongs to the [[Imaginary]] order, not to the level of the subject; 'on the side of what is repressed, on the unconscious side of things, there is no resistance, there is only a tendency to repeat' (S2, 321). This is illustrated in SCHEMA L; resistance is the [[Imaginary]] axis a-a' which impedes the insistant speech of the Other (which is the axis A-S). The resistances of the ego are [[Imaginary]] lures, which the analyst must be wary of being deceived by (see E, 168). Thus it can never be the aim of analysis to 'strengthen the ego', as ego-psychology claims, since this would only serve to increase resistance.Lacan also criticises ego-psychology for confusing the concept of resistance with that of DEFENCE. However, the distinction which Lacan draws between these two concepts is rather different from the way in which they are distinguished in Anglo-American psychoanalysis. Lacan argues that defence is on the side of the subject, whereas resistance is on the side of the object. That is, whereas defences are relatively stable [[Symbolic]] structures of subjectivity, resistances are more transitory forces which prevent the object from being absorbed in the signifying chain.     == References ==<div style="font-size:11px" class="references-small">
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