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Resistance

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{{Top}}résistance{{Bottom}}
=====Sigmund Freud=====
[[Freud]] first used the term "[[resistance]]" to designate the unwillingness to [[recall]] [[repressed]] [[memories]] to [[consciousness]].
resistance (rÈsistance) Freud first used =====Treatment=====Since [[psychoanalytic treatment]] involves precisely such [[recollection]], the term 'resistance' soon came to desig-denote all those obstacles that arise during the [[treatment]] and interrupt its [[progress]]:
nate <blockquote>"Whatever disturbs the unwillingness to recall repressed memories to consciousnessprogress of the [[work]] isa resistance."<ref>{{F}} ''[[Works of Sigmund Freud|The Interpretation of Dreams]]'', 1900a. Since[[SE]] IV-V, 517</ref></blockquote>
psychoanalytic treatment involves precisely such recollection, [[Resistance]] manifests itself in all the term soonways in which the [[subject]] breaks the "[[fundamental rule]]" of saying everything that comes into his [[mind]].
came =====Psychoanalytic Theory=====Though [[present]] in [[Freud]]'s work from the beginning, the [[concept]] of [[resistance]] began to denote all those obstacles that arise during play an increasingly important part in [[psychoanalytic theory]] as a result of the decreasing efficacy of [[analytic treatment and interrupt]] in the decade 1910-20.
its progress: 'Whatever disturbs the progress As a consequence of this, [[ego-psychology]] placed increasing importance on overcoming the work is a [[patient]]'s [[resistance']]s.
(Freud=====Lacan's Criticism=====[[Lacan]] is very critical of this shift in emphasis, 1900a: SE V, 517)arguing that it easily leads to an "inquisitorial" style of [[psychoanalysis]] which sees [[resistance]] as based on the "fundamental ill will" of the patient.<ref>{{S1}} p. Resistance manifests itself in all the ways in30</ref>
which [[Lacan]] argues that this overlooks the subject breaks the 'fundamental rule' structural [[nature]] of saying everything that[[resistance]] and reduces analysis to an [[imaginary]] [[dual relation]].<ref>{{E}} p. 78; {{Ec}} p. 333ff</ref>
comes into his mind[[Lacan]] does accept that [[psychoanalytic treatment]] involves "analysis of resistances," but only on condition that this phrase is [[understood]] correctly, in the [[sense]] of "[[knowing]] at what level the answer should be pitched."<ref>{{S2}} p. 43</ref>
Though present in Freud's work from In other [[words]], the crucial [[thing]] is that the [[analyst]] should be able to distinguish between interventions that are primarily orientated towards the [[imaginary]] and those that are orientated towards the beginning[[symbolic]], and [[know]] which are appropriate at each [[moment]] of the concept of resis-[[treatment]].
tance began to play an increasingly important part =====Structural Resistance=====In [[Lacan]]'s view, [[resistance]] is not a question of the ill will of the [[analysand]]; [[resistance]] is [[structural]], and it is inherent in psychoanalytic theory asthe [[analytic process]].
This is due, ultimately, to a result of the decreasing efficacy of analytic treatment in the decade 1910-20[[structural]] "incompatibility between desire and speech."<ref>{{E}} p. 275</ref>
(see Therefore there is a certain irreducible level of [NTERPRETATION)[resistance]] which can never be "overcome". As a consequence of this, ego-psychology placed increas-
ing importance on overcoming <blockquote>"After the patient'reduction of the [[resistance]]s resistances, there is a residue which may be what is essential. Lacan is very critical"<ref>{{S2}} p.321</ref> </blockquote>
=====Suggestion=====This irreducible "residue" of [[resistance]] is "essential" because it is the respect for this shift in emphasis, arguing residue that it easily leads to an 'inquisitorial' style ofdistinguishes [[psychoanalysis]] from [[suggestion]].
psychoanalysis which sees [[Psychoanalysis]] respects the [[right]] of the [[patient]] to resist [[suggestion]] and indeed values that [[resistance as based on the 'fundamental ill will']].
(Sl<blockquote>"When the [[subject]]'s [[resistance]] opposes [[suggestion]], 30) of it is only a [[desire]] to maintain the patient[[subject]]'s [[desire]]. Lacan argues that this overlooks As such it would have to be placed in the structural nature ranks ofpositive [[transference]]."<ref>{{E}} p.271</ref></blockquote>
resistatice =====Analyst and reduces analysis Analysand=====However, [[Lacan]] points out that while the [[analyst]] cannot, and should not try to an , overcome all [[Imaginaryresistance]] dual relation (see E, 78; Eche can minimise it,or at least avoid exacerbating it.<ref>{{S2}} p. 228</ref>
333ff). Lacan does accept that psychoanalytic treatment involves He can do this by recognizing his own part in the [[analysand]]'s [[resistance]], for "there is no other [[resistance]] to [[analysis ]] than that ofthe [[analyst]] himself."<ref>{{E}} p. 235</ref>
resistances', but only on condition that this phrase This is to be understood correctly, intwo ways:
=====Lure=====The [[resistance]] of the [[analysand]] can only succeed in obstructing the [[treatment]] when it responds to and/or evokes a [[resistance]] on the sense part of 'knowing at what level the answer should be pitched[[analyst]], i.e. when the [[analyst]] is drawn into the [[lure]] of [[resistance]] (as [[Freud]] was drawn into the [[lure]] of [[Dora]]' (S2, 43s [[resistance]]). In
other words<blockquote>"The patient's resistance is always your own, the crucial thing and when a resistance succeeds it is that because you [the analyst should be able ] are in it up to distinguishyour neck, because you [[understand]]."<ref>{{S3}} p.48</ref></blockquote>
between interventions that are primarily orientated towards Thus the [[Imaginaryanalyst]] must follow the rule of [[neutrality]] andnot be drawn into the [[lures]] set for him by the [[patient]].
those that are orientated towards =====Interpretation=====It is the [[Symbolicanalyst]], and know which are appro-who provokes [[resistance]] by pushing the [[analysand]]:
priate at each moment <blockquote>"There is no resistance on the part of the treatmentsubject."<ref>{{S2}} p.228</ref></blockquote>
In Lacan's view, resistance <blockquote>"[[Resistance]] is not a question the present [[state]] of an [[interpretation]] of the ill will of [[subject]]. It is the manner in which, at the same [[time]], the subject interprets the point he's got to. ... It simply means that he [the analysand;patient] cannot move any faster."<ref>{{S2}} p.228</ref></blockquote>
[[Psychoanalytic treatment]] works on the [[principle]] that by not forcing the [[patient]], [[resistance ]] is structural, and it is inherent in reduced to the analytic processirreducible minimum. This is due,
ultimately, to a structural 'incompatibility between desire and speech' (E,Thus the [[analyst]] must avoid all forms of [[suggestion]].
275). Therefore there is a certain irreducible level =====Ego=====The source of [[resistance which can]] lies in the [[ego]]:
never be <blockquote>"In the strict sense, the [[subject]]'overcome'; 'after s [[resistance]] is linked to the reduction [[register]] of the resistances[[ego]], there it is a residuean effect of the [[ego]]."<ref>{{S2}} p.127</ref></blockquote>
which may be what is essential' (S2=====Imaginary Order=====Thus [[resistance]] belongs to the [[imaginary]] [[order]], 321)not to the level of the [[subject]]. This irreducible 'residue' of
<blockquote>"On the side of what is [[repressed]], on the [[unconscious]] side of things, there is no [[resistance ]], there is 'essential' because it is the respect for this residue that distin-only a tendency to [[repeat]]."<ref>{{S2}} p.321</ref> </blockquote>
guishes psychoanalysis from SUGGESTION. Psychoanalysis respects This is illustrated in [[schema L]]; [[resistance]] is the [[imaginary]] axis '''a-a'''' which impedes the right insistant [[speech]] ofthe [[Other]] (which is the axis ''A-S'').
The [[resistance]]s of the patient to resist suggestion and indeed values that resistance; 'When [[ego]] are [[imaginary]] [[lures]], which the[[analyst]] must be wary of [[being]] [[deceived]] by.<ref>{{E}} p. 168</ref>
subject's resistance opposes suggestionThus it can never be the [[aim]] of [[analysis]] to "strengthen the [[ego]]," as [[ego-psychology]] claims, it is since this would only a desire serve to maintain theincrease [[resistance]].
subject's desire. As such it would have to be placed in =====Ego-psychology==========Resistance and Defence=====[[Lacan]] also criticizes [[ego-psychology]] for confusing the ranks concept of positive[[resistance]] with that of [[defense]].
transference' (EHowever, 271)the [[distinction]] which [[Lacan]] draws between these two [[concepts]] is rather different from the way in which they are distinguished in Anglo-American [[psychoanalysis]].
However, [[Lacan points out ]] argues that while [[defence]] is on the side of the analyst cannot[[subject]], and should not trywhereas [[resistance]] is on the side of the [[object]].
toThat is, overcome all whereas [[defence]]s are relatively [[stable]] [[symbolic]] [[structure]]s of [[subjectivity]], [[resistance (S2, 228), he can minimise it, or at least avoid]]s are more transitory forces which prevent the [[object]] from being absorbed in the [[signifying chain]].
exacerbating it. He can do this by recognising his own part in the analysand's==See Also=={{See}}* [[Analysand]]* [[Defence]]* [[Ego]]||* [[Ego-psychology]]* [[Lure]]* [[Psychoanalysis]]||* [[Repression]]* [[Structure]]* [[Subject]]||* [[Suggestion]]* [[Treatment]]* [[Unconscious]]{{Also}}
resistance, for 'there is no other resistance to analysis than that of the analyst himself' (E, 235). This is to be understood in two ways:  1. The resistance of the analysand can only succeed in obstructing the  treatment when it responds to and/or evokes a resistance on the part of the analyst, i.e. when the analyst is drawn into the lure of resistance (as Freud was     drawn into the lure of Dora's resistance). 'The patient's resistance is always your  own, and when a resistance succeeds it is because you [the analyst] are in it up to your neck, because you understand' (S3, 48). Thus the analyst must follow the rule of neutrality and not be drawn into the lures set for him by the patient.  2. It is the analyst who provokes resistance by pushing the analysand: 'There is no resistance on the part of the subject' (S2 228). '[R]esistance is the present  state of an interpretation of the subject. It is the manner in which, at the same time, the subject interprets the point he's got to. . . . It simply means that he [the patient] cannot move any faster' (S2 228). Psychoanalytic treatment works on the principle that by not forcing the patient, resistance is reduced to the irreducible minimum. Thus the analyst must avoid all forms of suggestion.  The source of resistance lies in the ego: 'In the strict sense, the subject's resistance is linked to the register of the ego, it is an effect of the ego' (S2, 127). Thus resistance belongs to the [[Imaginary]] order, not to the level of the subject; 'on the side of what is repressed, on the unconscious side of things, there is no resistance, there is only a tendency to repeat' (S2, 321). This is illustrated in SCHEMA L; resistance is the [[Imaginary]] axis a-a' which impedes the insistant speech of the Other (which is the axis A-S). The resistances of the ego are [[Imaginary]] lures, which the analyst must be wary of being deceived by (see E, 168). Thus it can never be the aim of analysis to 'strengthen the ego', as ego-psychology claims, since this would only serve to increase resistance.Lacan also criticises ego-psychology for confusing the concept of resistance with that of DEFENCE. However, the distinction which Lacan draws between these two concepts is rather different from the way in which they are distinguished in Anglo-American psychoanalysis. Lacan argues that defence is on the side of the subject, whereas resistance is on the side of the object. That is, whereas defences are relatively stable [[Symbolic]] structures of subjectivity, resistances are more transitory forces which prevent the object from being absorbed in the signifying chain.  ==defReferences==Psychoanalysis understands resistance as something that stands in the way of the progress of analytic work during treatment. The term appeared for the first time in Sigmund Freud's writings in the ''Studies on Hysteria'' (1895d), where he reported—in connection with the case of Lucy R.—how he had given up testing the degree of hypnosis of his patients because <div style="this roused the patients' resistances and shook their confidence in me, which I needed for carrying out the more important psychical workfont-size:11px" (p. 108). During his treatment of...  == References =class="references-small">
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