Revolution Must Strike Twice

Lenin by Hélène Carrère d'Encausse trans. George Holoch · Holmes & Meier, 371 pp, £35.00

The Left is undergoing a shattering experience: the progressive movement is being compelled to reinvent its whole project. What tends to be forgotten, however, is that a similar experience gave birth to Leninism. Consider Lenin's shock when, in the autumn of 1914, every European social democratic party except the Serbs' followed the 'patriotic line'. How difficult it must have been, at a time when military conflict had cut the European continent in half, not to take sides. Think how many supposedly independent-minded intellectuals, Freud included, succumbed, if only briefly, to the nationalist temptation.

http://www.lrb.co.uk/v24/n14/zize01_.html