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[[French ]] [[philosopher]], novelist, and playwright Jean [[Paul ]] [[Sartre ]] (1905-1980) attended theÉcole Normale Supérieure, received his accreditation in [[philosophy]], and was a resident at the Institut Français in Berlin during 1933-34. He was awarded, but declined, the Nobel Prize for [[literature ]] in 1964.Sartre's first major [[work]], ''The Transcendence of the Ego'' (1936-1937) published in [[English ]] in 1957, called into question the interiority of [[consciousness ]] and, based on Edmund [[Husserl]]'s [[phenomenology]], he wrote that "the ego is neither formally...