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=====Jacques Lacan==========''Ècole Freudienne de Paris''=====When [[Jacques Lacan]] founded the ''[[Ècole Freudienne de Paris]]'' ([[EFP]]) in 1964, after his resignation from the ''[[Société Française de Psychanalyse]]'Freudian School of Paris'([[SPP]]) (, he [[chose]] to call it a "[[EFPschool]]" (''école'') in 1964for precise reasons.

The use of Not only was it the first [[time]] that a [[school|psychoanalytic organisation]] had been called a "[[school]]" rather than an "[[school|association]]" or a "[[school|society]]", but the term '"[[school|school]]' in " also highlighted the name of fact that the [[EFP]] indicated that it was more a means of [[school|psychoanalytic formation]] centred around a ''[[doctrine]]'' than an attempt to found [[school|institutional order]] centred around ''a very different type group of psychoanalytic institution from those which had been founded beforeimportant [[people]]''.

The =====Psychoanalytic Institution=====Thus the very use of the term "[[EFPschool]] was a '" in the [[schoolname]] (of the [[FrenchEFP]]: ''indicated that it was an attempt to found a very different type of [[écoleschool|psychoanalytic institution]]'') rather than an 'association' or a 'society'from those which had been founded before.

The term '[[schoolLacan]]' highlighted was particularly keen to avoid the dangers of the hierarchy dominating the institution, which he saw in the [[International Psychoanalytic Association]] ([[IPA]]), and which he blamed for the [[theoretical]] misunderstandings which had come to dominate the fact that [[IPA]]; the [[EFPIPA]] was more had become, he argued, a means kind of psychoanalytic formation centred around a doctrine than an institutional order centred around a group of important people[[religion|church]].<ref>{{S11}} p.4</ref>

However, it is also important to note that [[Lacan]] was particularly keen to avoid 's criticisms of the dangers [[IPA]] do not imply a criticism of the hierarchy dominating the institution, which he saw in the [[International Psychoanalytic Associationschool|psychoanalytic institution]] (''per se''; while [[IPALacan]]), and which he blamed for the theoretical misunderstandings which had come to dominate is very critical of the dangers that beset all [[IPAschool|psychoanalytic institution]]; s, the fact that he himself founded one is evidence that he [[IPAthought]] had become, he argued, a that some kind of institutional framework was necessary for [[churchpsychoanalyst]]s.<ref>{{S11}} p.4</ref>

However, it is also important to note that Thus [[Lacan]]'s criticisms is just as sceptical of the those [[IPAanalyst]] do not imply a criticism of the psychoanalytic institution ''per se''; while [[Lacan]] is very critical of the dangers that beset s who reject all psychoanalytic institutions, the fact that as he himself founded one is evidence that he thought that some of those who turn the institution into a kind of institutional framework was necessary for [[psychoanalystsreligion|church]].

Thus =====History of the EFP==========Training of Analysts=====Many of Lacan's [[ideas]] cannot be [[understood]] without some [[Lacanunderstanding]] is just as skceptical of those the [[analysthistory]]s who reject all institutions as he is of those who turn the [[institutionEFP]] into a kind (1964-80), especially those of [[churchLacan]]'s ideas which relate to the [[training]]of analysts.

Many of [[Lacan]]'s ideas cannot be understood without some understanding of the history of =====Membership=====In this context it is important to note that the [[EFP]] (1964-80), especially those of was not merely a [[Lacanschool|training institute]]'s ideas which relate , and that membership was not restricted to the [[traininganalysts]] of /trainees, but was open to anyone with an interest in [[analystpsychoanalysis]]s.

===Membership===In this context it is important to note All members had equal voting rights, which meant that the [[EFP]] was not merely a [[training]] institute, and that membership was not restricted to the first truly ''democratic'' [[analystsschool|psychoanalytic organisation]]/[[trainees]], but was open to anyone with an interest in [[psychoanalysis]]history.

All members had equal voting rights, which meant that the [[EFP]] was the first truly [[democratic] psychoanalytic organisation in [[history]].=====Four Categories=====There were four [[categories ]] of members in the [[EFP]]: * [[school|M.E. ]] (''Membre de l'Ecole, or simple member''), * [[school|A.P. ]] (''[[Analyste ]] Practiquant''), * [[school|A.M.E. ]] (''Analyste Membre de l'Ècole''), and * [[school|A.E. ]] (''Analyste de l'Ècole'').

Those who applied for membership of the [[school]] were interviewed by a committee called the cardo (a word meaning a hinge on which a door turns) before being admitted as an M.E. Only the A.M.E. and the A.E. were recognised as [[analyst]]s by the ''[[school|cardo]], although other members were not forbidden to conduct analyses, and could award themselves the title of A.P. to indicate that they were practising analysts.  The title of A.M.E. was granted to members of the school who satisfied '' (a jury of senior members that they had conducted the [[analysisword]] of two [[patientmeaning]]s in a satisfactory manner; in this sense, the category of A.M.E, was similar to that of the titular members of other psychoanalytic societies.  The title of A.E, was awarded hinge on the basis of a very different procedure, which [[Lacan]] called the [[pass]]. ===The pass===The [[pass]] was instituted by [[Lacan]] in 1967 as a means of verifying the [[end of analysis]], and constitutes the most original feature of the EFP.  Another original feature of the EFP was the promotion of research in small study groups known as [[cartels]]. The final years of the EFP were dominated by intense controversy over the [[pass]] and other issues.  ===Dissolution===In 1980, [[Lacan]] dissolved the [[EFP]], and in 1981 he created a new institution in its stead, the [[Ècole de la Cause Freudienne]] ([[ECF]]door turns).  Some of the original members of the before [[EFPbeing]] followed [[Lacan]] into the [[ECF]], whereas others left to set up a variety of other groups.  Some of these groups still exist today, admitted as does the [[ECF]].   ==Miscellaneous==First you are introduced to the concept of the School, since it is this concept, rather than that of the society, that oriented Lacan in his Founding Act, in 1964. Jacques Lacan made use of the concept of the School to found the École Freudienne de Paris (EFP) in 1964, with the aim of providing an organization for those analysts and non-analysts following his orientation in the reconquest of the Freudian Field, a task to which Lacan gave the utmost importance. This is what he said in his [[The Founding Actschool|Founding Act]]: <blockquote>"I found – as alone as I have always been in my relation to the psychoanalytic cause, the French School of Psychoanalysis, whose direction I will personally assume for the next four years, which nothing currently prohibits me from answering forM.I intend this title to represent the organism in which there is work to be accomplished – work which, in the field Freud has opened, restores the cutting edge of its truth; which brings the original praxis that he instituted under the name of psychoanalysis back to the duty incumbent on it in our world; which, through a sustained critique, denounces the deviations and the compromises that encumber its progress while degrading its use.This objective of our work is inseparable from the training to be dispensed within this movement of reconquest. That is, those that I have trained myself are admitted as fully qualified, just as anyone who can contribute to demonstrating that the experience of this training is well founded is invited to join.Those who enter this School will undertake to fulfil a task that is subject to both internal and external supervision. In exchange they are assured that nothing will be spared in order that anything valuable they do gets the attention it deserves and in the appropriate place."<ref>[[The Founding Act]]</ref></blockquote> The roots of the concept of the School go back to Ancient Greece. Lacan explains its use in the Preface: <blockquote>"It is the School that once more questions the principles of an evident qualification and with the consent of those who received it with merit. In which it reveals itself to be Freudian as well, proceeding now to an examination of the term School.This term should be taken in the sense of the ancient meaning of certain places of refuge, even as a base of operations against what could already be called the discontents of civilization. Considering the discontents of psychoanalysis, the School gives its field not only to a critical work but also to the opening up of the roots of the experience, to a judgement of the resulting way of life."</blockquote> A School, then, in the way Lacan conceived it, has psychoanalysis as its object, and the restoration of its truth and transmission of its knowledge as its aim, offering it to supervision and scientific debate, founding in reason the qualification of the psychoanalyst.Its aim is the promotion of pure psychoanalysis as well as psychoanalysis applied to therapeutics, the formation of psychoanalysts and the investigation of the field opened by Freud and developed by Lacan.A School of psychoanalysis works against the discontents of civilization by not ignoring the discontents particular to its own field. It can act as a refuge, but one within which acts of intervention operative beyond its boundaries are elaborated.In the field opened by Freud, a School has the task of orienting those who persevere in the way indicated by the teaching of J. Lacan, a teaching whose particularity lies in its reference to the “transference of work”E. In this regard, when defining the School as “an inaugural experience” in the [[Attached Note]] to the Founding Act, Lacan clarifies: 

<blockquote>"To those who are able to pose Only the [[school|A.M.E.]] and the [[school|A.E.]] were recognised as [[analyst]]s by the question of what it is that guides us[[school]], we shall reveal its reason. The teaching of psychoanalysis can although [[other]] members were not be transmitted from one subject [[forbidden]] to another except by means of a transference of work. The seminars (…) will found nothing if they don’t refer back to this transference. No doctrinal apparatusconduct [[treatment|analyses]], and in particular our own, however propitious it be in could award themselves the direction title of one’s work, will be able [[school|A.P.]] to prejudge the conclusions which will be its issueindicate that they were [[treatment|practising]] [[analysts]]."</blockquote>

When Lacan thought The title of [[school|A.M.E.]] was granted to members of the school who [[satisfied]] a jury of senior members that the School which he they had founded (conducted the EFP) was not complying with its proposed objectives, was not achieving its concept, he had no hesitation [[analysis]] of two [[patient]]s in resorting – by way of solution - to its dissolution as a legal entity. This occurred satisfactory manner; in 1980 and was announced as follows in his this [[sense]], the [[Letter category]] of Dissolution[[school|A.M.E]] , was similar to that of January the titular members of that year:other [[school|psychoanalytic societies]].

<blockquote>"There is a problem in the SchoolThe title of [[school|A. It is not a mysteryE. It is also in this that I take my orientation]], and not a moment too soon. This problem is shown to be one by having was awarded on the basis of a solutionvery different procedure, dissolution.(…) In other words, I persevere. And I call to associate again those who, this January of 1980, want to follow which [[Lacan.(…) If I persevere, it is because ]] called the experience undergone calls for a counter-experience to compensate it"[[pass]].</blockquote>

=====Pass=====The [[pass]] was instituted by [[Lacan then launches ]] in 1967 as a means of verifying the Freudian Cause[[end of analysis]], this time together with some others. He formulates it as follows on and constitutes the 18th most original feature of March 1980, as found in a text entitled the [[Mr. A.EFP]]:.

<blockquote>"It is necessary to innovate, I said – with =====Cartels=====[[Another]] original feature of the [[EFP]] was the reservation promotion of adding: not entirely alone. I see it like this: that each one should collaborate research in this. (…) it is a question of the Freudian Cause escaping from the group effect that I denouncesmall study groups known as [[cartel]]s."</blockquote>

It is the École de la Cause Freudienne (EFC), founded in 1981, the first School in the network =====Dissolution of the Freudian Field, that takes up the challenge of this relaunching EFP=====The final years of the cause, in the mode of a counter-experience to the [[EFP, responding to ]] were dominated by intense controversy over the last institutional guidelines of Lacan, who, in March of that year, wrote in his [[Second Letter to the Forumpass]]:and other issues.

<blockquote>"The School that I adopted as mineIn 1980, remains. Still new and fragile, this is where [[Lacan]] dissolved the nucleus[[EFP]], through which it is possible that my teaching might lastand in 1981 he created a new institution in its stead, will be put to the test[[École de la Cause Freudienne]] ([[ECF]])."</blockquote>

The School Some of Lacan proved to be this ‘nucleus’ that allowed the expansion of his teachings in the years to follow.Under the aegis original members of the World Association of Psychoanalysis (WAP) – whose Delegate General was Jacques-Alain Miller from its foundation in 1992 until 2002, when he was [[EFP]] followed by Graciela Brodsky – [[Lacan]] into the concept of School has been maintained and renewed[[ECF]], giving impulse whereas [[others]] [[left]] to the creation of the series of schools.Below are some key terms designed to serve as points of entry to certain texts of J.-A.. Miller in which the concept of the School is taken set up in different ways according to the Lacanian orientation a variety of his teachingsother groups.

- The School and Russell’s Paradox (see Miller’s texts: La Escuela de Lacan (20) and The Turin Theory on the Subject Some of these groups still [[exist]] today, as does the School)- The Subject of the School (see Miller’s text "The Turin Theory on the Subject of the School")- The School and applied psychoanalysis (developed in Miller’s course "Un effort de poésie", lesson 9)- The School and Lacanian action (developed in Miller’s course "Un effort de poésie", lessons 10 and 11)[[ECF]].

* [[Ècole Freudienne de ParisTreatment]]* [[International Psychoanalytic Association]]{{Also}}