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=====Jacques Lacan==========''Ècole Freudienne de Paris''=====When [[Jacques Lacan]] founded the ''[[Ècole Freudienne de Paris]]'' ([[EFP]]) in 1964, after his resignation from the ''[[Société Française de Psychanalyse]]'' (SPP), he chose to call it a '[[schoolSPP]]' (''école'') for precise reasons.Not only was it the first time that a psychoanalytic organisation had been called a 'school' rather than an 'association' or a 'society', but the term 'school' also highlighted the fact that the EFP was more a means of psychoanalytic formation centred around a doctrine than an institutional order centred around a group of important people. Thus the very use of the term '[[school]]' in the name of the EFP indicated that it was an attempt to found a very different type of psychoanalytic institution from those which had been founded before. [[Lacan]] was particularly keen to avoid the dangers of the hierarchy dominating the institution, which he saw in the [[International Psychoanalytic Associationchose]] (IPA),and which he blamed for the theoretical misunderstandings which had come to dominate the IPA; the IPA had become, he argued, a kind of church.<ref>(Sll, 4)</ref>However, call it is also important to note that [[Lacan]]'s criticisms of the IPA do not imply a criticism of the psychoanalytic institution ''per se''; while "[[Lacan]] is very critical of the dangers that beset all psychoanalytic institutions, the fact that he himself founded one is evidence that he thought that some kind of institutional framework was necessary for psychoanalysts. Thus [[Lacan]] is just as sceptical of those [[analystschool]]s who reject all institutions as he is of those who turn the institution into a kind of church.Many of Lacan's ideas cannot be understood without some understanding of the history of the EFP " (1964-80), especially those of Lacan's ideas which relate to the [[training]] of analysts. In this context it is important to note that the EFP was not merely a training institute, and that membership was not restricted to analysts/trainees, but was open to anyone with an interest in psychoanalysis. All members had equal voting rights, which meant that the EFP was the first truly democratic psychoanalytic organisation in history.There were four categories of members in the EFP: M.E. (''Membre de l'Ecole, or simple member''), A.P. (''Analyste Practiquant''), A.M.E. (''Analyste Membre de l'Ècole''), and A.E. (''Analyste de l'Ècoleécole''). Members could, and often did, hold several titles simultaneously. Those who applied for membership of the [[school]] were interviewed by a committee called the cardo (a word meaning a hinge on which a door turns) before being admitted as an M.E.Only the A.M.E. and the A.E. were recognised as [[analyst]]s by the [[school]], although other members were not forbidden to conduct analyses, and could award themselves the title of A.P. to indicate that they were practising analysts. The title of A.M.E. was granted to members of the school who satisfied a jury of senior members that they had conducted the [[analysis]] of two [[patient]]s in a satisfactory manner; in this sense, the category of A.M.E, was similar to that of the titular members of other psychoanalytic societies. The title of A.E, was awarded on the basis of a very different procedure, which [[Lacan]] called the [[pass]]. The [[pass]] was instituted by [[Lacan]] in 1967 as a means of verifying the [[end of analysis]], and constitutes the most original feature of the EFP. Another original feature of the EFP was the promotion of research in small study groups known as [[cartels]].The final years of the EFP were dominated by intense controversy over the [[pass]] and other issues. In 1980, [[Lacan]] dissolved the EFP, and in 1981 he created a new institution in its stead, the [[Ècole de la Cause Freudienne]] (ECF). Some of the original members of the EFP followed [[Lacan]] into the ECF, whereas others left to set up a variety of other groups. Some of these groups still exist today, as does the ECFprecise reasons.
Not only was it the first [[time]] that a [[school|psychoanalytic organisation]] had been called a "[[school]]" rather than an "[[school|association]]" or a "[[school|society]]", but the term "[[school|school]]" also highlighted the fact that the [[EFP]] was more a means of [[school|psychoanalytic formation]] centred around a ''[[doctrine]]'' than an [[school|institutional order]] centred around ''a group of important [[people]]''.
=====Psychoanalytic Institution=====
Thus the very use of the term "[[school]]" in the [[name]] of the [[EFP]] indicated that it was an attempt to found a very different type of [[school|psychoanalytic institution]] from those which had been founded before.
[[Lacan]] was particularly keen to avoid the dangers of the hierarchy dominating the institution, which he saw in the [[International Psychoanalytic Association]] ([[IPA]]), and which he blamed for the [[theoretical]] misunderstandings which had come to dominate the [[IPA]]; the [[IPA]] had become, he argued, a kind of [[religion|church]].<ref>{{S11}} p.4</ref>
However, it is also important to note that [[Lacan]]'s criticisms of the [[IPA]] do not imply a criticism of the [[school|psychoanalytic institution]] ''per se''; while [[Lacan]] is very critical of the dangers that beset all [[school|psychoanalytic institution]]s, the fact that he himself founded one is evidence that he [[thought]] that some kind of institutional framework was necessary for [[psychoanalyst]]s.
Thus [[Lacan]] is just as sceptical of those [[analyst]]s who reject all institutions as he is of those who turn the institution into a kind of [[religion|church]].
=====History of the EFP=====
=====Training of Analysts=====
Many of Lacan's [[ideas]] cannot be [[understood]] without some [[understanding]] of the [[history]] of the [[EFP]] (1964-80), especially those of [[Lacan]]'s ideas which relate to the [[training]] of analysts.
=====Membership=====
In this context it is important to note that the [[EFP]] was not merely a [[school|training institute]], and that membership was not restricted to [[analysts]]/trainees, but was open to anyone with an interest in [[psychoanalysis]].
All members had equal voting rights, which meant that the [[EFP]] was the first truly ''democratic'' [[school|psychoanalytic organisation]] in history.
=====Four Categories=====
There were four [[categories]] of members in the [[EFP]]:
* [[school|M.E.]] (''Membre de l'Ecole, or simple member''),
* [[school|A.P.]] (''[[Analyste]] Practiquant''),
* [[school|A.M.E.]] (''Analyste Membre de l'Ècole''), and
* [[school|A.E.]] (''Analyste de l'Ècole'').
Members could, and often did, hold several titles simultaneously.
Those who applied for membership of the [[school]] were interviewed by a committee called the ''[[school|cardo]]'' (a [[word]] [[meaning]] a hinge on which a door turns) before [[being]] admitted as an [[school|M.E.]]
Only the [[school|A.M.E.]] and the [[school|A.E.]] were recognised as [[analyst]]s by the [[school]], although [[other]] members were not [[forbidden]] to conduct [[treatment|analyses]], and could award themselves the title of [[school|A.P.]] to indicate that they were [[treatment|practising]] [[analysts]].
The title of [[school|A.M.E.]] was granted to members of the school who [[satisfied]] a jury of senior members that they had conducted the [[analysis]] of two [[patient]]s in a satisfactory manner; in this [[sense]], the [[category]] of [[school|A.M.E]], was similar to that of the titular members of other [[school|psychoanalytic societies]].
The title of [[school|A.E.]], was awarded on the basis of a very different procedure, which [[Lacan]] called the [[pass]].
=====Pass=====
The [[pass]] was instituted by [[Lacan]] in 1967 as a means of verifying the [[end of analysis]], and constitutes the most original feature of the [[EFP]].
=====Cartels=====
[[Another]] original feature of the [[EFP]] was the promotion of research in small study groups known as [[cartel]]s.
=====Dissolution of the EFP=====
The final years of the [[EFP]] were dominated by intense controversy over the [[pass]] and other issues.
In 1980, [[Lacan]] dissolved the [[EFP]], and in 1981 he created a new institution in its stead, the [[École de la Cause Freudienne]] ([[ECF]]).
Some of the original members of the [[EFP]] followed [[Lacan]] into the [[ECF]], whereas [[others]] [[left]] to set up a variety of other groups.
Some of these groups still [[exist]] today, as does the [[ECF]].
==See Also==
{{See}}
* [[Analysand]]
* [[Cartel]]
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* ''[[Ècole Freudienne de Paris]]''
* [[International Psychoanalytic Association]]
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* [[Pass]]
* [[Psychoanalysis]]
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* [[Training]]
* [[Ècole Freudienne de ParisTreatment]]* [[International Psychoanalytic Association]]{{Also}}
==References==
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[[Category:Psychoanalysis]]
[[Category:Jacques Lacan]]
[[Category:PsychoanalysisSchools]][[Category:Dictionary]][[Category:Concepts]][[Category:Terms]] __NOTOC__
