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Science

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{{Top}}scientific|science]]''; [[German]]: ''Wissenschaft{{Bottom}}
=====Scientific Discourse=====Both [[Freud]] and [[Lacan]] use the term '"[[science]]' " in the singular, thus implying that there is a specific unified, homogeneous kind of [[discourse ]] that can be called '"[[science|scientific]]'".
This [[discourse ]] begins, according to [[Lacan]], in the seventeenth century <ref>{{Ec}} p.857</ref>, with the inauguration of modern physics.<ref>{{Ec, }} p. 855</ref>.
=====Sigmund Freud=====
=====Science and Religion=====
[[Freud]] regarded [[science]] as one of [[civilization]]'s highest achievements, and opposed it to the reactionary forces of [[religion]].
[[Freud]] regarded [[science]] (Ger. ''Wissenschaft'') as one of [[civilisation]]'s highest achievements, and opposed it to the reactionary forces of [[religion]]. =====Jacques Lacan=====
[[Lacan]]'s attitude to [[science]] is more ambiguous.
On the one hand, he criticises modern criticizes [[science|modern science]] for ignoring the [[Symbolicsymbolic]] dimension of [[human]] [[existence]] and thus encouraging modern man "to forget his subjectivity."<ref>{{E}} p.70</ref>.
He also compares modern [[science|modern science]] to a "fully [[Real]]ised realised paranoia," in the sense that its totalising totalizing constructions resemble the architecture of a [[delusion]].<ref>{{Ec}} p.874</ref>
=====Positivist Model=====
On the other hand, these criticisms are not levelled at [[science]] per se, but at the [[science|positivist model]] of [[science]].
On the other hand[[Lacan]] implies that [[science|positivism]] is actually a deviation from "[[science|true science]]", these criticisms are not levelled at and his own model of [[science]] per se, but at owes more to the positivist model [[science|rationalism]] of Koyré, Bachelard and Canguilhem than to [[science|empiricism]].
=====Formalization=====In other words, for [[Lacan]] implies that positivism is actually , what marks a deviation from 'true [[discourse]] as [[science|scientific]]', and his own model is a high degree of [[sciencemathematical]] [[formalization]] owes more to the rationalism of KoyrÈ, Bachelard and Canguilhem than to empiricism.
In other words, for This is what lies behind [[Lacan]], what marks a discourse as scientific is a high degree 's attempts to [[formalize]] [[psychoanalytic theory]] in terms of various [[mathematical]] [[formalisationalgebra|formulae]].
This is what lies behind These [[Lacan]]'s attempts to [[formalise]] [[psychoanalytic theoryalgebra|formulae]] in terms also encapsulate a further characteristic of various [[mathematicalscience|scientific discourse]] formulae , which is that it should be transmissible.<ref>{{see [[mathematics]], [[algebra]]TV}} p. 60</ref>.
These formulae also encapsulate =====Truth=====[[Lacan]] argues that [[science]] is characterized by a further characteristic of scientific discourse, which is that it should be transmissible.<ref>particular relationship to [[Lacantruth]], 1973a: 60</ref>.
On the one hand, it attempts to monopolize [[Lacantruth]] argues that as its exclusive property <ref>{{Ec}} p. 79</ref>; and, on the other hand, [[science]] is characterised by in fact based on a particular relationship to [[foreclosure]] of the concept of [[truth]]as [[cause]].<ref>{{Ec}} p. 874</ref>.
On the one hand, it attempts =====Knowledge=====[[Science]] is also characterised by a particular relationship to monopolise [[truthknowledge]] (''[[knowledge|savoir]] as its exclusive property <ref>{{Ec}} p.79</ref>; and, on the other hand''), in that [[science]] is in fact based on a [[foreclosure]] of the concept exclusion of any access to [[truthknowledge]] as by recourse to intuition and thus forces all the search for [[causeknowledge]]to follow only the path of reason.<ref>{{Ec}} p.874831</ref>.
====="Subject of Science"=====
The [[subject|modern subject]] is the "[[science|subject of science]]" in the sense that this exclusively rational route to [[knowledge]] is now a common presupposition.
[[Science]] is also characterised by a particular relationship to [[knowledge]] (''savoir''), in In stating that [[sciencepsychoanalysis]] is based on operates only the exclusion of any access to [[knowledgesubject]] by recourse to intuition and thus forces all the search for of [[knowledgescience]] to follow only the path of reason.,<ref>{{Ec}} p.831858</ref>[[Lacan]] is arguing that [[psychoanalysis]] is not based on any appeal to an ineffable experience or flash of intuition, but on a process of reasoned dialogue, even when reason confronts its limit in [[madness]].
The modern subject is =====Human And Natural Sciences=====Although the distinction between the [[science|human sciences]] and the 'subject of [[science|natural sciences]]' had become quite well-established by the end of the nineteenth century, it does not figure in the sense that this exclusively rational route to [[knowledgeFreud]] is now a common presupposition's work.
In stating that [[psychoanalysisLacan]] operates only , on the subject of [[science]].<ref>{{Ec}} pother hand, pays great attention to this distinction.858</ref>
However, rather than talking of the "[[science|human sciences]]" and the "[[Lacanscience|natural sciences]] is arguing that ", [[psychoanalysisLacan]] is not based on any appeal prefers instead to an ineffable experience or flash talk of intuition, but on a process of reasoned dialogue, even when reason confronts its limit in the "[[science|conjectural sciences]]" and the "[[madnessscience|exact sciences]]."
=====Conjectural and Exact Sciences=====
Whereas the [[science|exact sciences]] concern the field of phenomena in which there is no one who uses a [[signifier]],<ref>{{S3}} p. 186</ref> the [[science|conjectural sciences]] are fundamentally different because they concern beings who inhabit the [[symbolic]] [[order]].
Although In 1965, however, [[Lacan]] problematizes the distinction between the human [[science|conjectural]]s and the natural [[science|exact]]s had become quite well-established by the end of the nineteenth century <ref>{{thanks to the work of Dilthey</ref>, it does not figure in [[Freudscience]]'s work. :
<blockquote>The opposition between the [[Lacanscience|exact sciences]], on and the [[science|conjectural sciences]] can no longer be sustained from the other hand, pays great attention moment when conjecture is susceptible to this distinctionan exact calculation and when exactitude is based only on a formalism which separates axioms and [[law]]s of grouping [[symbol]]s.<ref>{{Ec}} p. 863</ref></blockquote>
However, rather than talking Whereas in the last century physics provided a paradigm of exactitude for the "human [[science|exact sciences]]s" and which made the "natural [[science|conjectural sciences]]sseem sloppy by comparison," the arrival on the scene of [[Lacanstructuralism|structural]] prefers instead to talk of the "conjectural [[sciencelinguistics]]s" and redressed the "imbalance by providing an equally exact paradigm for the [[science|conjectural sciences]]s."
Whereas the exact =====Natural Sciences=====When [[scienceFreud]]s concern the field of phenomena in which there is no one who uses a borrowed terms from other [[signifierscience]]s,<ref>{{S3}} p.186</ref> it was always from the conjectural [[science|natural sciences]]s are fundamentally different because they concern beings who inhabit these were the only [[symbolicscience]] s around in [[orderFreud]]'s day that provided a model of rigorous investigation and thought.
[[Lacan]] differs from [[Freud]] by importing concepts mainly from the "[[science]]s of subjectivity," and by aligning [[psychoanalytic theory]] with these rather than with the [[science|natural sciences]].
In 1965, however, [[Lacan]] problematises argues that this paradigm shift is in fact implicit in [[Freud]]'s own reformulations of the concepts that he borrowed from the distinction between conjectural and exact [[science|natural sciences]]s:.
The opposition between the exact [[science]]s and the conjectural [[science]]s can no longer be sustained from the moment when conjecture is susceptible to an exact calculation and when exactitude is based only on a formalism which separates axioms and [[law]]s of grouping [[symbol]]s.<ref>{{Ec}} p.863</ref>=====Structural Linguistics===== Whereas in the last century physics provided a paradigm of exactitude for the exact [[science]]s which made the conjectural [[science]]s seem sloppy by comparisonIn other words, the arrival on the scene of structural linguistics redressed the imbalance by providing an equally exact paradigm for the conjectural [[science]]s.  When whenever [[Freud]] borrowed terms concepts from other [[sciencebiology]]s, it was always from the natural [[science]]s because these were the only [[science]]s around in [[Freud]]'s day he reformulated those concepts so radically that provided he created a model of rigorous investigation and thought.  [[Lacan]] differs from [[Freud]] by importing concepts mainly from the "[[science]]s of subjectivity," and by aligning [[psychoanalytic theory]] with these rather than with the [[natural]] totally new paradigm which was quite alien to its [[sciencebiological]]sorigins.
Thus, according to [[Lacan]] argues that this paradigm shift is in fact implicit in , [[Freud]]'s own reformulations anticipated the findings of the concepts that he borrowed from the modern [[structural]] [[linguists]] such as [[naturalSaussure]] , and his work can be better understood in the light of these [[sciencelinguistics|linguistic concepts]]s.
=====Is Psychoanalysis a Science?=====
[[Freud]] was quite explicit in affirming the [[science|scientific status]] of [[psychoanalysis]]:
In other words, whenever <blockquote>"While it was originally the name of a particular therapeutic method [...] it has now also become the name of a [[Freudscience]] borrowed concepts from - the [[biologyscience]] he reformulated those concepts so radically that he created a totally new paradigm which was quite alien to its of unconscious mental processes."<ref>{{[[biologicalFreud]] origins, 1925a: SE XX, 70</ref>.
Thus, according to [[Lacan]], [[Freud]] anticipated the findings of modern structural linguists such as [[Saussure]], and his work can be better understood in the light of these linguistic concepts.
However, he also insisted on the unique character of [[psychoanalysis]] that sets it apart from the other [[science]]s:
Is psychoanalysis a <blockquote>"Every [[science]]? [[Freud]] was quite explicit in affirming the scientific status of psychoanalysis: 'While it was originally is based on observations and experiences arrived at through the name medium of a particular therapeutic method,' he wrote in 1924, 'it has now also become the name of a our psychical apparatus. But since our [[science]] - has as its subject that apparatus itself, the [[science]] of unconscious mental processes' analogy ends here."<ref>{{[[Freud]], 1925a1940a: SE XXXXIII, 70159</ref>.
=====Jacques Lacan=====
The question of the status of [[psychoanalysis]] and its relationship with other disciplines is also one to which [[Lacan]] devotes much attention.
However, he also insisted on the unique character of psychoanalysis that sets it apart from the other [[science]]s; 'Every [[science]] is based on observations and experiences arrived at through the medium of our psychical apparatus. But since our [[science]] has as its subject that apparatus itself, the analogy ends here' <ref>{{[[Freud]], 1940a: SE XXIII, 159</ref>.The question of the status of psychoanalysis and its relationship with other disciplines is also one to which [[Lacan]] devotes much attention. In his pre-war writings, psycho- analysis psychoanalysis is seen unreservedly in scientific terms <ref>{{e.g. [[Lacan]], 1936</ref>. However, after 1950 [[Lacan]]'s attitude to the question becomes much more complex.
In 1953, he states that in the opposition [[science]] versus [[art]], psychoanalysis can be located on the side of art, on condition that the term 'art' is understood in the sense in which it was used in the Middle Ages, when the 'liberal arts' included arithmetic, geometry, music and grammar <ref>{{[[Lacan]]: 1953b: 224</ref>.
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