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{{Top}}scientific|science]]''
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|| [[German]]: ''[[Wissenschaft{{Bottom}}
=====Scientific Discourse=====Both [[Freud]] and [[Lacan]] use the term '"[[science]]' " in the [[singular]], thus implying that there is a specific [[unified]], homogeneous kind of [[discourse ]] that can be called '"[[science|scientific]]'".
This [[discourse ]] begins, according to [[Lacan]], in the seventeenth century <ref>{{Ec}} p.857</ref>, with the inauguration of modern physics.<ref>{{Ec, }} p. 855</ref>.
=====Sigmund Freud=====
=====Science and Religion=====
[[Freud]] regarded [[science]] as one of [[civilization]]'s highest achievements, and opposed it to the reactionary forces of [[religion]].
[[Lacan]]'s attitude to [[science]] is more ambiguous.
On the one hand, he criticises modern criticizes [[science|modern science]] for ignoring the [[Symbolicsymbolic]] [[dimension ]] of [[human]] [[existence]] and thus encouraging modern man "to forget his [[subjectivity]]."<ref>{{E}} p.70</ref>.
He also compares modern [[science|modern science]] to a "fully realised [[Realparanoia]]ised paranoia," in the [[sense ]] that its totalising totalizing constructions resemble the architecture of a [[delusion]].<ref>{{Ec}} p.874</ref>
=====Positivist Model=====
On the [[other]] hand, these criticisms are not levelled at [[science]] per se, but at the [[science|positivist model]] of [[science]].
=====Formalization=====In other [[words]], for [[Lacan]] implies that positivism is actually , what marks a deviation from 'true [[discourse]] as [[science|scientific]]', and his own model is a high degree of [[sciencemathematical]] [[formalization]] owes more to the rationalism of KoyrÈ, Bachelard and Canguilhem than to empiricism.
On the one hand, it attempts to monopolize [[Lacantruth]] argues that as its exclusive property <ref>{{Ec}} p. 79</ref>; and, on the other hand, [[science]] is characterised by in fact based on a particular relationship to [[foreclosure]] of the [[concept]] of [[truth]]as [[cause]].<ref>{{Ec}} p. 874</ref>.
====="Subject of Science"=====
The [[subject|modern subject]] is the "[[science|subject of science]]" in the sense that this exclusively [[rational]] route to [[knowledge]] is now a common presupposition.
In [[Sciencestating]] is also characterised by a particular relationship to [[knowledge]] (''savoir''), in that [[sciencepsychoanalysis]] is based on operates only the exclusion of any access to [[knowledgesubject]] by recourse to intuition and thus forces all the search for of [[knowledgescience]] to follow only the path of reason.,<ref>{{Ec}} p.831858</ref>[[Lacan]] is arguing that [[psychoanalysis]] is not based on any appeal to an ineffable [[experience]] or flash of intuition, but on a [[process]] of reasoned dialogue, even when reason confronts its [[limit]] in [[madness]].
However, rather than talking of the "[[science|human sciences]]" and the "[[science|natural sciences]]", [[Lacan]] prefers instead to talk of the "[[science|conjectural sciences]]" and the "[[science|exact sciences]]."
In 1965, however, [[Lacan]], on problematizes the other hand, pays great attention to this distinction. between [[science|conjectural]] and [[science|exact]] [[science]]s:
Whereas in the last century physics provided a paradigm of exactitude for the exact [[science|exact sciences]]s concern which made the field of phenomena in which there is no one who uses a [[signifierscience|conjectural sciences]]seem sloppy by comparison,<ref>{{S3}} p.186</ref> the conjectural arrival on the [[scene]] of [[sciencestructuralism|structural]]s are fundamentally different because they concern beings who inhabit the [[symboliclinguistics]] redressed the imbalance by providing an equally exact paradigm for the [[orderscience|conjectural sciences]].
=====Natural Sciences=====
When [[Freud]] borrowed terms from other [[science]]s, it was always from the [[science|natural sciences]] because these were the only [[science]]s around in [[Freud]]'s day that provided a model of rigorous investigation and [[thought]].
=====Is Psychoanalysis a Science?=====[[LacanFreud]] differs from was quite [[Freudexplicit]] by importing concepts mainly from in affirming the "[[science|scientific status]]s of subjectivity," and by aligning [[psychoanalytic theory]] with these rather than with the [[natural]] [[sciencepsychoanalysis]]s. :
<blockquote>"While it was originally the [[name]] of a particular therapeutic method [...] it has now also become the name of a [[Lacanscience]] argues that this paradigm shift is in fact implicit in - the [[Freudscience]]'s own reformulations of the concepts that he borrowed from the [[naturalunconscious]] [[mental]] [[scienceprocesses]]s."<ref>{{F}} ''[[Works of Sigmund Freud|An Autobiographical Study]]'', 1925a: [[SE]] XX, 70</ref></blockquote>
However, he also insisted on the unique [[character]] of [[psychoanalysis]] that sets it apart from the other [[science]]s:
In his pre-war writings, [[psychoanalysis]] is seen unreservedly in scientific terms.<ref>{{L}} "[[Work of Jacques Lacan|Au-delà du 'principe de realité']]", 1936. {{E}} pp. 73-92</ref>
=====Art=====
In 1953, he states that in the opposition [[science]] versus [[art]], [[psychoanalysis]] can be located on the side of [[art]], on condition that the term "[[art]]" is understood in the sense in which it was used in the Middle Ages, when the "[[liberal]] [[arts]]" included arithmetic, geometry, [[music]] and grammar.<ref>{{L}} "[[Works of Jacques Lacan|The Neurotic's Individual Myth]]," trans. Martha Evans, in L. Spurling (ed.), ''[[Sigmund Freud]]: Critical Assessments'', vol. II, ''The [[Theory]] and [[Practice]] of Psychoanalysis'', [[London]] and New York: Routledge, 1989, p. 224. [Originally published in ''[[Psychoanalytic]] Quaterly'', 48 (1979)].</ref>
=====Religion=====However, he also insisted on in the unique character of psychoanalysis that sets it apart from the other opposition [[science]]s; 'Every versus [[sciencereligion]] is based on observations and experiences arrived at through the medium of our psychical apparatus. But since our , [[scienceLacan]] has as its subject that apparatus itself, the analogy ends here' <ref>{{follows [[Freud]], 1940a: SE XXIII, 159</ref>.The question of the status of psychoanalysis and its relationship with other disciplines is also one to which in arguing that [[Lacanpsychoanalysis]] devotes much attention. In his pre-war writings, psycho- analysis is seen unreservedly has more in scientific terms <ref>{{e.g. common with [[Lacanscience|scientific discourse]], 1936</ref>. However, after 1950 than [[Lacanreligion|religious discourse]]'s attitude to the question becomes much more complex.:
=====Linguistics and Mathematics=====
However, even when [[Lacan]] makes such statements, he never abandons the [[project]] of [[formalizing]] [[psychoanalytic theory]] in [[linguistic]] and [[mathematical]] terms.
Indeed, the tension between the [[science|scientific formalism]] of the [[matheme]], 1, 7-8, 10-11, 19, 34, 39-40, 47, 77, 86, 151, 163, 225-6, 231, 234, 245-6, 259, * 264, 274, astrology and astronomy 152, chemistry 9, chinese astronomy 151-2, * economics, 210, ethology, animal, 279, genetics 151, human the semantic profusion of ''[[sciencelalangue]]s, 7, 20, 43, 223, * physics, 10, 163, physilogy, 163,'' constitutes one of the most interesting features of [[Seminar XILacan]]'s later work.
==See Also==
{{See}}
* [[Algebra]]
* [[Art]]
* [[Biology]]
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* [[Discourse]]
* [[Knowledge]]
* [[Linguistic]]
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* [[Mathematics]]
* [[Matheme]]
* [[Nature]]
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* [[Psychoanalysis]]
* [[Psychology]]
* [[Religion]]
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* [[Subject]]
* [[Treatment]]
* [[Truth]]
{{Also}}
==References==
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[[Category:Psychoanalysis]]
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