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<b>Le séminaire, Livre IV: La relation d'[[objet ]] et les [[structures ]] freudiennes.</b><br>[[French]]: (texte établi par Jacques-[[Alain ]] [[Miller]]), [[Paris]]: Seuil, 1994.<br>[[English]]: unpublished.

[[Lacan ]] confronts the [[theory ]] of [[object ]] relations defended by the <i>[[Société Psychanalytique de Paris]]</i>: [[Freud ]] did not bother [[about ]] the object, he cared about "the [[lack ]] of the object." This lack has [[nothing ]] to do with [[frustration]]. It is a matter of a [[renunciation ]] that involves the law of the [[Father]]: "...between the [[mother ]] and the [[child]], Freud introduced a [[third ]] and [[imaginary ]] term whose signifying [[role ]] is a major one: the [[phallus]]." The study is based on the function of the object in [[phobia ]] and in [[fetishism ]] (Freud's <i>Little [[Hans]]</i>, <i>A Child is [[Being ]] Beaten</i>). In his [[analysis ]] of <i>[[Little Hans]]</i>, Lacan states that [[anxiety ]] arises when the [[subject ]] is poised between [[the imaginary ]] preoedipical [[triangle ]] and the Oedipical [[quaternary]]: Hans' [[real ]] [[penis ]] makes itself felt in [[infantile ]] [[masturbation]]. Anxiety arises since he can now measure the [[difference ]] between that for what he is loved (his [[position ]] as [[imaginary phallus]]) and what he really has to give (his insignificant real [[organ]]). The subject would have been rescued from anxiety by the [[castrating ]] [[intervention ]] of the real father, but the father fails to [[separate ]] the child from the mother and thus Hans develops a phobia as a [[substitute ]] for this intervention. It is not Hans' [[separation ]] from the mother which produces anxiety, but failure to separate from her. [[Castration]], far from being the main source of anxiety, is what actually saves the subject from it.<br>

We find imaginary solutions to the gap (<i>béance</i>) produced by the [[appearance ]] of the phallus "as that which is [[lacking ]] in the mother, in the mother and the child, and between the mother and the child," because the father alone is the bearer or possessor of the phallus. Lacan establishes [[three ]] modes of rapport to this object: frustration (the imaginary damage done to a real object, the penis as organ), [[deprivation ]] ( the real lack or [[hole ]] created by the [[loss ]] of a [[symbolic ]] object, the phallus as [[signifier]]), castration ([[the symbolic ]] debt in the [[register ]] of the law and the loss of the phallus as imaginary object). The mother falls from "[[the Symbolic ]] to [[the Real]]" while the [[objects]], through the mediation of the phallus, fall from "the Real to the Symbolic." The fall of the mother leads to the [[structuring ]] preference for the father. Lacan muses about the way in which "the [[feminine ]] object conceives the [[object relation]]." Lacan talks of [[motherhood]], [[love]], a [[case ]] of feminine [[homosexuality ]] (Freud's 1920) in which he sees a type of relation to lack and to the father.<br>As to the phallus and [[sexual ]] difference, Lacan argues that in [[order ]] to assume castration every child must [[renounce ]] the possibility of being the phallus of the mother; this "rapport to the phallus is established without [[regard ]] to the [[anatomical ]] difference of the [[sexes]]." The renunciation of [[identification ]] with the imaginary phallus paves the way for a rapport with the symbolic phallus which is different for the sexes: the [[male ]] has the symbolic phallus, i.e. "he is not without having it" - [[woman ]] does not. Yet the male can only lay [[claim ]] to the symbolic phallus if he assumes castration, i.e. to give up being the imaginary phallus. Further, the woman's lack of symbolic phallus is in itself a kind of possession.<br><br>The Real Phallus.<br>Lacan uses the term penis to denote the [[biological ]] organ and reserves the term phallus to denote the imaginary and symbolic functions of this organ. However, he does not always maintain the usage. This argues that the [[distinction ]] between penis and phallus is somewhat unstable and that "the phallus [[concept ]] is the site of a [[regression ]] towards the biological organ" (David Macey). The penis has an important role to play in the [[Oedipus ]] [[complex]]. It is via this organ that the child's [[sexuality ]] is felt in masturbation. The intrusion of the real in the imaginary preoedipical triangle transforms the triangle from something pleasurable to something which provokes anxiety. The question posed by Oedipus is where the real phallus is located, the answer to the riddle is that it is located in the real father.<br><br>[[The Imaginary ]] Phallus.<br>In the distinction between penis and phallus, the latter refers to an imaginary object. The imaginary phallus is perceived by the child as an object of the mother's [[desire]], as that which she desire ahead of the child, thus the child seeks to [[identify ]] with this object. The Oedipus and the [[castration complex ]] imply the renunciation of the attempt to be the imaginary phallus.<br><br>The Symbolic Phallus.<br>The phallus which circulates between mother and child posits the first [[dialectic ]] in the child's [[life ]] which, though imaginary, frames the symbolic. An imaginary element is mobilized - the phallus becomes an imaginary signifier. The phallus is a symbolic object; it is a signifier.<br>The [[doctrine ]] becomes systematized in <i>Les [[formations ]] de l'[[inconscient]]</i>. In the 1960s the phallus is described as "the signifier of the desire of the [[Other]]" and the signifier of <i>[[jouissance]]</i>. Also the [[notion ]] of <i>[[objet a]]</i>, the [[cause ]] of [[desire, ]] will be added to that of the phallus.

{| class="wikitable" width="100%" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="4" align="[[left]]" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="line-height:2.0em; padding-left:30px; background:#ffffff; text-align:center;"

| colspan="4" style="text-align:center" | Theorie du [[manque ]] d'objet

| Le [[signifiant ]] et le Saint-Esprit

| La [[dialectique ]] de la frustration

| De l'[[analyse ]] comme Bundling, et ses conséquences

| On bat un [[enfant ]] et la jeune homosexuelle

| [[Dora ]] et la jeune homosexuelle

| La [[fonction ]] du voile

| [[L'identification ]] au phallus

| colspan="4" style="text-align:center" | La [[structure ]] des mythes dans l'observation de la [[phobie ]] du petit Hans

| Le [[complexe ]] d'oedipe

| Du [[complexe de castration]]

| Le signifiant dans le [[Réel]]

| "Me donnera sans [[femme ]] une progéniture"