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=====Linguistic Definition=====The term '"[[shifter]]' " was introduced into [[linguistics]] by (Danish [[linguist) ]] [[Otto Jespersen]] (1860-1943) to refer to those elements in [[language]] whose general [[meaning]] cannot be defined without reference to the [[message (to describe a class of words whose meaning varies according to their situation or whose references varies)]].

=====Roman Jakobson=====For [[Jakobson]], a [[shifter ]] is a term whose [[meaning ]] cannot be determined without referring to the [[message ]] that is [[being communicated ]] [[communicate]]d between a sender and a receiver.<ref>[[Roman Jakobson|Jakobson, Roman]]. 1957. "Shifters, [[verbal]] [[categories]], and the Russian verb," in ''Selected Writings'', vol. II, ''[[Word]] and Language'', The [[Hague]]: Mouton, 1971. p. 132</ref>

=====Examples=====Personal pronouns are [[shifter]]s: the word '"I' " designates both the [[speaker ]] or sender who says '"I' " and the '"I' " contained in the [[message ]] that is sent.

For example the pronouns '"I' " and '"you'", as well as [[words ]] like '"here' " and '"now'", and the tenses, can only be [[understood ]] by reference to the context in which they are uttered.

=====Roman Jakobson ==========General Meaning=====[[Roman Jakobson]] developed the [[concept ]] in an article published in 1957. Before this article, 'the peculiarity of the personal pronoun and other shifters was often believed to consist in the lack of a single, constant, general meaning."<ref>Jakobson, 1957: 132</ref>

Jakobson argues that Before this article, "the peculiarity of the personal pronoun and [[other]] shifters was often believed to consist in the [[shifterlack]]s do have of a single , constant, general meaning; for example the personal pronoun I always means 'the person uttering I'. This makes the "<ref>[[shifterRoman Jakobson|Jakobson, Roman]] a . 1957. "Shifters, verbal categories, and the Russian verb," in ''Selected Writings'', vol. II, ''Word and Language'symbol', The Hague: Mouton, 1971. p. 132</ref>

[[Jakobson concludes ]] argues that shifters combine both [[Symbolicshifter]]s do have a single general [[meaning]] and indexical functions and 'belong therefore to ; for example the class of indexical symbols.personal pronoun "I" always means "the person uttering I"<ref>Jakobson, 1957: 132.</ref>

In this way, Jakobson questions This makes the possibility of [[shifter]] a context-free grammar, since the "[[enunciationsymbol]] is encoded in the statement itself."

Also=====Indexical Symbol=====[[Jakobson]] concludes that [[shifter]]s combine both [[symbolic]] and [[index]]ical functions and "belong therefore to the [[class]] of indexical [[symbols]]."<ref>[[Roman Jakobson|Jakobson, Roman]]. 1957. "Shifters, verbal categories, since grammar is implicated and the Russian verb," in ''paroleSelected Writings'', the vol. II, ''langueWord and Language'', The Hague: Mouton, 1971. p. 132</''parole'' distinction is put into question.ref>

Following =====Context-Free Grammar=====In this way, [[Jakobson]]questions the possibility of a context-free grammar, since the [[Lacanenunciation]] uses is encoded in the term '[[shifterstatement]]' (in English) to show the problematic and undecidable nature of the 'I' (''Je'')itself.

HoweverAlso, while since grammar is implicated in ''[[Jakobsonparole]] defines '', the ''[[langue]]'' / ''[[shifterparole]] as an indexical symbol, Lacan defines it as an indexical signifier'' [[distinction]] is put into question.

This problematises =====Jacques Lacan=====Following [[Jakobson]], [[Lacan]] uses the distinction between term "[[shifter]]" (in [enunciation[English]] ) to show the problematic and statementundecidable [[nature]] of the "I" (''Je'').

On =====Indexical Signifier=====However, while [[Jakobson]] defines the one hand[[shifter]] as an [[index]]ical [[symbol]], [[Lacan]] defines it as a an [[index]]ical [[signifier]] it is clearly part of the statement.

On the other hand, as an index it is clearly part of =====Enunciation and Statement=====This problematises the distinction between [[enunciation]] and [[statement]].

This division of the 'I' is not merely illustrative of On the one hand, as a [[splittingsignifier]] it is clearly part of the [[subjectstatement]]; it is that split.

On the other hand, as an [[index]] it is clearly part of the [[enunciation]].  =====Division of the Subject=====This [[division]] of the "I" is not merely illustrative of the [[splitting]] of the [[subject]]; it is that [[split]].  <blockquote>"Indeed, the I of the enunciation is not the same as the I of the statement, that is to say, the shifter which, in the statement, designates him."<ref>{{SllS11}} p.139</ref></blockquote>

{{See}}* [[JakobsonEnunciation]]* [[symbolicIndex]]||* [[symbolLanguage]]* [[statementMeaning]]||* [[enunciationSignifier]]* [[linguisticsSplit]]* ''[[langue]]''||* ''[[paroleSubject]]''* [[splittingSymbol]]* [[subject]]{{Also}}

[[Category:ConceptsOK]][[Category:Psychoanalysis]][[Category:Linguistics]]__NOTOC__