Changes

==Theories==

[[Freud]]'s [[psychoanalytic ]] [[system ]] evolved over nearly 60 years of professional [[work]]. He himself was constantly revising aspects of his [[theory ]] to better reflect what he was learning on a continual basis. There are a [[number ]] of [[concepts ]] that are essential for [[understanding ]] [[psychoanalytic theory]].The psyche

Main points Freud's theory of the unconscious is the foundation upon which much of his psychoanalytic theory is built. Freud hypothesized that the mind is divided into three main parts: the unconscious, the conscious, and the preconscious. ==The unconscious is by far the larger and most important part of the mind according to Freud. It includes all the things that are not easily available to awareness. Freud suggested that the unconscious mind acts like a repository for those thoughts, memories, experiences, and feelings that can't or won't easily move into the conscious mind. Items may come to this repository because of trauma or for any number of reasons for which a person might protect him or herself from unpleasant emotion. The unconscious also includes drives or instincts that cause humans to behave the way they do.psyche==

The conscious mind also plays a key role. ===Main points===Freud believed that everything we are aware 's theory of the [[unconscious]] is stored in our conscious mind. At any given time, a person is only aware of a very small part the foundation upon which much of what makes up his or her personality; psychoanalytic theory is built. Freud hypothesized that the rest [[mind]] is buried in [[divided]] into [[three]] main parts: the unconscious , the [[conscious]], and the [[preconscious]]. The unconscious is inaccessibleby far the larger and most important part of the mind according to Freud. Though small in comparison It includes all the things that are not easily available to [[awareness]]. Freud suggested that the [[unconsciousmind]] [[acts]] like a repository for those [[thoughts]], [[memories]], experiences, and [[feelings]] that can't or won't easily move into the conscious mind is still essential and important . Items may come to this repository because of [[trauma]] or for any number of reasons for adaptive functioningwhich a person might protect him or herself from unpleasant [[emotion]]. The unconscious also includes [[drives]] or [[instincts]] that [[cause]] [[humans]] to behave the way they do.

The final part conscious mind also plays a key [[role]]. Freud believed that everything we are aware of is the preconscious or subconsciousstored in our conscious mind. This At any given [[time]], a person is the only aware of a very small part of mind that can be accessed if prompted, but what makes up his or her [[personality]]; the rest is not buried in our active conscious. The preconscious exists just below the surface, unconscious and is buried until neededinaccessible. Common information such as one's telephone numberThough small in comparison to the unconscious, childhood memories, or one's home address the conscious mind is stored in the preconsciousstill essential and important for adaptive functioning.

Conflict between conscious and unconscious impulses are said to give rise to anxiety, which Freud believed to be common to all people. The most common way to counteract anxiety, according to Freud, was to employ final part is the use of what he called defense mechanismspreconscious or [[subconscious]]. To tap This is the unconscious, Freud used a variety part of techniquesmind that can be accessed if prompted, including hypnosis, free associationbut is not in our [[active]] conscious. The preconscious [[exists]] just below the surface, and dream interpretationis buried until needed. Carl G. Jung expanded on the Freudian conceptCommon information such as one's telephone number, adding the idea of an inherited unconscious[[childhood]] memories, known as or one's home address is stored in the collective unconsciouspreconscious.

Also residing in the [[Conflict]] between conscious and unconscious impulses are the instincts or drivessaid to give rise to [[anxiety]], which Freud believed to be common to all [[people]]. The instinctsmost common way to counteract anxiety, for according to Freud, are was to employ the principal motivating forces that "energize" the mind in all use of its functionswhat he called [[defense]] mechanisms. There areTo tap the unconscious, he held, an indefinite number of such instincts, but these can be reduced to Freud used a small number variety of basic onestechniques, which he grouped into two broad generic categories: Eros (the life instinct)including [[hypnosis]], which covers all self-preserving and erotic instinctsfree [[association]], and Thanatos ([[dream]] [[interpretation]]. Carl G. [[Jung]] expanded on the death instinct)[[Freudian]] [[concept]], which covers all adding the instincts towards aggression[[idea]] of an inherited unconscious, self-destruction, and crueltyknown as the [[collective unconscious]].

Explanation Although Freud didn't invent the idea of Also residing in the unconscious mind, he certainly was are the one who made it popularinstincts or drives. Given the work by other theorists in the nineteenth centuryThe instincts, it is not surprising that for Freud's concept of mind, especially the unconscious, grew to prominence. He took are the principles principal motivating forces that dominated "energize" the thought mind in all of those working with the physiology its functions. There are, he held, an indefinite number of the body and applied them systematically such instincts, but these can be reduced to the sphere a small number of basic ones, which he grouped into two broad generic [[categories]]: [[Eros]] (the mind. Thus Freud's conception of the unconscious explained behavioral patterns set in motion by unconscious [[life]] [[instinct]]), which covers all [[self]]-preserving and [[erotic]] instincts , and drives[[Thanatos]] (the [[death]] instinct), which were previously unexplainedcovers all the instincts towards [[aggression]], self-[[destruction]], and [[cruelty]].

The unconscious material of a person===Explanation=== Although Freud didn's life drives behavior in both positive and negative ways. But when unconscious experience or emotion creates maladaptive living, the unconscious material cannot simply be brought into consciousness at will. It must be coaxed out using the proper techniques. Freud created t invent the techniques idea of psychoanalysis as the means of bringing material from the unconscious into the conscious mind, so that he certainly was the one who made it could be investigated and possibly changedpopular. The analogy of an iceberg has been often used to help visualize Given the work by [[other]] theorists in the role nineteenth century, it is not surprising that Freud's concept of the conscious as compared to the unconscious mind. The bulk of the iceberg, especially the unconscious mind, lies below grew to prominence. He took the surface, exerting a dynamic and determining influence over principles that dominated the direction [[thought]] of those [[working]] with the mass. The visible part, [[physiology]] of the conscious mind, is small in comparison [[body]] and is subject applied [[them]] systematically to the weight sphere of the portion below mind. Thus Freud's conception of the surfaceunconscious explained behavioral patterns set in motion by unconscious instincts and drives, which were previously unexplained.

Regarding instincts The unconscious [[material]] of a person's [[life drives]] [[behavior]] in both positive and drives[[negative]] ways. But when unconscious [[experience]] or emotion creates [[maladaptive]] [[living]], the unconscious material cannot simply be brought into [[consciousness]] at will. It must be coaxed out using the proper techniques. Freud is often referenced created the techniques of [[psychoanalysis]] as having said that all human actions spring the means of bringing material from motivations which are sexual in origin. This assertion is not completely accurate. Freud did state the unconscious into the conscious mind, so that sexual drives play an important it could be investigated and central role in human life, actions, and behaviorpossibly changed. This was The analogy of an iceberg has been often used to [[help]] visualize the subject role of much controversy for the sexually repressed time period in which he livedconscious as compared to the unconscious mind. He went also took it further by saying that sexual drives exist and can be discerned in children from birthThe bulk of the iceberg, the unconscious mind, and that sexual energy (libido) is lies below the single most important motivating force in adult life. Howeversurface, even here exerting a crucial qualification has to be added. Freud effectively redefined [[dynamic]] and determining influence over the term sexuality to include any form direction of pleasure that is or can be derived from the bodymass. Thus his theory of The [[visible]] part, the instincts or drives conscious mind, is small in comparison and is essentially that [[subject]] to the weight of the human being is energized or driven from birth by portion below the desire to acquire and enhance bodily pleasuresurface.

Examples One of Regarding instincts and drives, Freud's patients once described to him a repeating dream is often referenced as having said that involved her chasing a man she worked with up several flights of stairsall [[human]] actions spring from motivations which are [[sexual]] in origin. This assertion is not completely accurate. The woman claimed Freud did [[state]] that even though she ran faster sexual drives play an important and fastercentral role in human life, she never caught the man nor reached the top of the stairwayactions, which caused her immense frustrationand behavior. Freud interpreted such dreams as This was the unconscious mind representing a desire or drive subject of much controversy for sexual contact with the person she was chasingsexually [[repressed]] time period in which he lived. Freud would say He went also took it further by saying that the dream expressed itself through the unconscious because it might sexual drives [[exist]] and can be too threateningdiscerned in [[children]] from [[birth]], psychologically speaking, for and that sexual [[energy]] ([[libido]]) is the patient to admit this to herselfsingle most important motivating force in [[adult]] life. It might threaten her self-concept or sense of morality However, even here a crucial qualification has to admit to such lustful urgesbe added. So instead, her unconscious mind turned Freud effectively redefined the urges into a non-threatening symbol—running up flights term [[sexuality]] to include any [[form]] of stairs[[pleasure]] that is or can be derived from the body.Structure Thus his theory of the mind (id, ego, superego)instincts or drives is essentially that the human [[being]] is energized or driven from birth by the [[desire]] to acquire and enhance [[bodily]] pleasure.

Main points ===Examples=== One of Freud further divided 's [[patients]] once described to him a [[repeating]] dream that involved her chasing a man she worked with up several flights of stairs. The [[woman]] claimed that even though she ran faster and faster, she never caught the man nor reached the top of the stairway, which caused her immense [[frustration]]. Freud [[interpreted]] such [[dreams]] as the conscious and unconscious mind into three structures representing a desire or systems that performed different roles. These systems he named [[drive]] for sexual contact with the id, ego, and superegoperson she was chasing. Freud viewed human beings as energy systemswould say that the dream expressed itself through the unconscious because it might be too threatening, where only one system can be in control at any given timepsychologically [[speaking]], while for the other two systems give themselves over [[patient]] to admit this to herself. It might threaten her self-concept or [[sense]] of [[morality]] to admit to such lustful urges. So instead, her unconscious mind turned the psychic energy urges into a non-threatening symbol—running up flights of the one in controlstairs.

The id is the original system ==Structure of personality and the dominant one at birth. In German, the word was literally translated as the "it." The mind (id is primarily the source of psychic energy and the core of all instincts. It is infantile in the way it manifests and functions on the unconscious level. It lacks organization and is demanding, insistentego, and impulsive. The id cannot tolerate tension and works to discharge tension as quickly as possible and return to a balanced state. Therefore the id operates according to the demands of what Freud called the pleasure principle. That is, it wants to satisfy its desires so as to relieve the tension.superego)==

The ego, in contrast, works not by ===Main points===Freud further divided the pleasure principle but rather by conscious and unconscious mind into three [[structures]] or systems that performed different roles. These systems he named the reality principle. In other wordsid, there is a real world out there that must be reckoned with. The ego (literally "I") is the personality structure that develops to deal with the real world , and solve the problems of life[[superego]]. It acts Freud viewed human beings as energy systems, where only one system can be in [[control]] at any given time, while the "executive" branch of other two systems give themselves over to the personality that governs, controls, and regulates matters of life. The ego functions as part [[psychic]] energy of the conscious mindone in control.

The superego id is the judicial branch original system of personality and the personalitydominant one at birth. It imposes a moral codeIn [[German]], concerning itself with whether a particular action the [[word]] was literally translated as the "it." The id is good or bad; right or wrongprimarily the source of [[psychic energy]] and the core of all instincts. It represents is [[infantile]] in the way it manifests and functions on the idealunconscious level. It [[lacks]] organization and is demanding, rather than a reflection of realityinsistent, and strives for perfection instead of pleasureimpulsive. The superego represents the ideals of society id cannot tolerate tension and works to [[discharge]] tension as quickly as they are passed from one generation possible and [[return]] to anothera balanced state. The superego can be represented by both Therefore the id operates according to the unconscious and conscious mind depending on [[demands]] of what Freud called the particular function pleasure [[principle]]. That is, it is servingwants to [[satisfy]] its desires so as to relieve the tension.

Explanation The id never maturesego, remaining infantile in its impulses and urges while seeking contrast, works not by the [[pleasure and avoiding tension at all costsprinciple]] but rather by the [[reality]] principle. If it had its way it would forever seek indulgenceIn other [[words]], the same way there is a young child seeks only to get his or her selfish needs met[[real]] [[world]] out there that must be reckoned with. If left to its own appetite, The ego (literally "I") is the id would be unable personality [[structure]] that develops to function in deal with the real worldand solve the problems of life. It acts as the "executive" branch of the personality that governs, controls, and regulates matters of life. The ego functions as part of the conscious mind.

To temper The superego is the id's urges, judicial branch of the ego steps in to acknowledge an objective reality that must be dealt withpersonality. Other peopleIt imposes a [[moral]] [[code]], for instance, also have needs that must be consideredconcerning itself with whether a [[particular]] [[action]] is [[good]] or bad; [[right]] or wrong. While it is It represents the job of the ego to help satisfy the id's inclinations, it also must mediate how serving those needs will affect one's reality. Over time[[ideal]], the ego's efforts create rather than a "dialogue" [[reflection]] of sorts with the real world that transforms into actual skills, competenciesreality, and memoriesstrives for perfection instead of pleasure. These resources The superego represents the ideals of [[society]] as they are then internalized into what Freud referred passed from one generation to as [[another]]. The superego can be represented by both the "self," an emerging sense of personhood, instead of a bundle of urges unconscious and needsconscious mind depending on the particular function it is serving.

===Explanation===The superego works to inhibit the id's never matures, remaining infantile in its impulses and urges while persuading the ego to substitute moralistic goals for realistic ones seeking pleasure and to strive for perfection. The superego works off the basis of psychological rewards and punishmentsavoiding tension at all costs. If a person responds in the "right" mannerit had its way it would forever seek indulgence, the reward might be same way a feeling of pride young [[child]] seeks only to get his or self-loveher selfish [[needs]] met. If the individual deems their action as immoral or "wrong[[left]] to its own appetite," the resulting punishment might id would be guilt or feelings of inferiorityunable to function in the world.

Example Freud conceived To temper the id's urges, the mind as being ego steps in constant conflict to acknowledge an [[objective]] reality that must be dealt with itself. He understood this conflict as the primary cause of human anxiety and unhappinessOther people, for [[instance]], also have needs that must be considered. His classic example While it is the patient Anna O., who displayed a rash job of psychological and physiological symptoms: assorted paralyses, hysterical squints, coughs, and speech disorders, among others. Under hypnosis, Josef Breuer, a fellow physician and close friend of Freud, traced many of these symptoms the ego to memories of a period when she cared for her dying father. One symptom, a nervous coughhelp satisfy the id's inclinations, they related to a particular event at her fatherit also must mediate how serving those needs will [[affect]] one's bedsidereality. Upon hearing dance music that was drifting from a neighbor's houseOver time, she felt an urge to be there, gone from her fatherthe ego's bedside. Immediately, she was struck efforts create a "dialogue" of sorts with guilt and self-reproach for having the desire to leave him. She covered this internal conflict with a nervous coughreal world that transforms into actual skills, competencies, and from that day on, coughed reflexively at the sound of rhythmic musicmemories. These resources are then internalized into what Freud's investigations into internal conflicts such referred to as this led him to eventually construct the divisions "self," an emerging sense of the mind now known as id, egopersonhood, instead of a bundle of urges and superegoneeds.Defense mechanisms

Main points Because The superego works to inhibit the id's impulses while persuading the ego is the great equalizer between the id and superego, conflict is inevitable. This conflict, according to Freud, brings anxiety [[substitute]] [[moralistic]] goals for realistic ones and serves as a signal to the ego that its survival may be in jeopardystrive for perfection. Freud further divided anxiety into three kinds: realistic anxiety (fear of real situations), moral anxiety (fear that stems from The superego works off the internalized ideal world basis of the superego), [[psychological]] rewards and neurotic anxiety (fear that results from impulses originating punishments. If a person responds in the id). It is "right" manner, the unconscious neurotic anxiety that most intrigued Freud and formed the basis for his researchreward might be a [[feeling]] of pride or self-[[love]]. Psychoanalytic therapy was developed to treat If the various neuroses that were largely unconscious. Freud postulated that [[individual]] deems their action as immoral or "wrong," the ego aids this process of repressing the anxiety through use resulting [[punishment]] might be [[guilt]] or feelings of what he called defense mechanisms[[inferiority]].

The ego deals ===Example===Freud conceived the mind as being in constant conflict with itself. He [[understood]] this conflict as the demands primary cause of realityhuman anxiety and unhappiness. His classic example is the patient [[Anna O]]., the urges who displayed a rash of the idpsychological and [[physiological]] [[symptoms]]: assorted paralyses, [[hysterical]] squints, coughs, and [[speech]] disorders, among [[others]]. Under hypnosis, Josef [[Breuer]], a fellow physician and the perfectionist tendencies close friend of Freud, traced many of these symptoms to memories of the superego as best as it cana period when she cared for her dying [[father]]. But when the anxiety becomes overwhelmingOne [[symptom]], a nervous cough, the ego must defend itselfthey related to a particular [[event]] at her father's bedside. It does so by unconsciously blocking the impulses or distorting them into Upon hearing dance [[music]] that was drifting from a more acceptable[[neighbor]]'s house, less threatening formshe felt an urge to be there, gone from her father's bedside. The techniques Immediately, she was struck with guilt and self-reproach for doing having the desire to leave him. She covered this are called [[internal]] conflict with a nervous cough, and from that day on, coughed reflexively at the ego defense mechanismssound of rhythmic music. Freud's investigations into internal conflicts such as this led him to eventually [[construct]] the divisions of the mind now known as id, his daughter Annaego, and other disciples have discovered a number of defense mechanisms that accomplish this purposesuperego.

Examples Victims ===Main points=== Because the ego is the great equalizer between the id and superego, conflict is inevitable. This conflict, according to Freud, brings anxiety and serves as a [[signal]] to the ego that its survival may be in jeopardy. Freud further divided anxiety into three kinds: realistic anxiety ([[fear]] of war or other trauma sometimes face experiences real situations), moral anxiety (fear that are too overwhelming for them to assimilate into their conscious mind. In order to copestems from the internalized ideal world of the superego), they must protect themselves and [[neurotic]] anxiety (fear that results from letting impulses originating in the painful experience incapacitate themid). The result It is the unconscious neurotic anxiety that they unconsciously repress most intrigued Freud and formed the basis for his research. Psychoanalytic [[therapy]] was developed to treat the emotionvarious [[neuroses]] that were largely unconscious. This emotion may resurface unexpectedly if a similar life event such as an accident or other victimization triggers Freud postulated that the ego aids this [[process]] of repressing the repressed memoriesanxiety through use of what he called [[defense mechanisms]].

Explanation: Denial Denial involves blocking external events from awareness. For example, if a particular situation is too much for a person to handle, he or she simply refuses to allow The ego deals with the experience to become demands of reality for them, despite the fact that it happened. The use urges of denial is a primitive the id, and dangerous defense because eventually the individual must face realityperfectionist tendencies of the superego as best as it can. The longer one attempts to deny But when the objective realityanxiety becomes overwhelming, the greater may be the consequencesego must [[defend]] itself. Denial can operate It does so by itself [[unconsciously]] blocking the impulses ordistorting them into a more acceptable, more commonlyless threatening form. The techniques for doing this are called the ego defense mechanisms. Freud, his daughter Anna, in combination with and other, more subtle disciples have discovered a number of defense mechanisms that support itaccomplish this [[purpose]].

Examples Denial can be unconscious as when a dying person refuses to admit that their life will soon end or when a person with a heart condition denies that their overeating or smoking ===Repression=======Explanation====[[Repression]] is one of any consequencethe most important Freudian [[processes]], and it is the basis for other ego defenses and neurotic disorders. It can also take is a semi-conscious state where the individual accepts a portion means of the situation but denies anotherdefense through which threatening or painful thoughts or feelings are excluded from awareness. For instance, a person may acknowledge that they were in Freud explained repression as an automobile accident but they will not accept the fact that a loved one who was critically injured might dieinvoluntary removal of something from consciousness. [[Anna Freud]] called it "motivated [[forgetting]]."

Explanation: Displacement Displacement ====Examples====Victims of war or other trauma sometimes face experiences that are too overwhelming for them to assimilate into their conscious mind. In [[order]] to cope, they must protect themselves from letting the painful experience incapacitate them. The result is that they unconsciously [[repress]] the redirection of anxiety onto emotion. This emotion may resurface unexpectedly if a substitute similar life event such as an accident or "safer" target. The redirected energy, often anger, cannot be discharged in other [[victimization]] triggers the most logical way, so it must find another way to be releasedrepressed memories.

Examples The classic ===Denial=======Explanation====[[Denial]] involves blocking [[external]] events from awareness. For example , if a particular [[situation]] is too much for a person to handle, he or she simply refuses to allow the frustrated worker who feels victimized by his boss but cannot express his anger directly at his supervisorexperience to become reality for them, despite the fact that it happened. Instead, he finds The use of denial is a safer target [[primitive]] and yells at his family when he arrives homedangerous defense because eventually the individual must face reality. According The longer one attempts to Freuddeny the objective reality, the man does not intentionally displace his anger and frustration on his family, but unconsciously does so because he finds greater may be the relationships of his family "saferconsequences." Venting his frustration at home will minimize consequences arising from his actionsDenial can operate by itself or, more commonly, in combination with other, were he to express his anger on the jobmore subtle defense mechanisms that support it.

Explanation: Projection Projection takes ====Examples====Denial can be unconscious as when a dying person refuses to admit that their life will soon end or when a person with a heart condition denies that their overeating or smoking is of any consequence. It can also take a semi-conscious state where the individual accepts a portion of the situation but denies another. For instance, a person may acknowledge that they were in an automobile accident but they will not accept the fact that a loved one's own anxiety-arousing impulses and attributes them to someone elsewho was critically injured might die.

Examples A husband finds himself attracted to ===Displacement=======Explanation====[[Displacement]] is the redirection of anxiety onto a charming and flirtatious woman at worksubstitute or "safer" target. Instead of acknowledging his attractionThe redirected energy, often anger, he becomes increasingly jealous of his wife and worried about her faithfulness to cannot be [[discharged]] in the marriage. Freud would say that the jealous husband is simply projecting his own feelings onto his wife in an effort most [[logical]] way, so it must find another way to reduce the anxiety he feels about his own unacceptable feelingsbe released.

Explanation: Reaction formation Reaction formation helps protect against threatening impulses ====Examples====The classic example is the frustrated worker who feels victimized by overemphasizing his boss but cannot express his anger directly at his supervisor. Instead, he finds a safer target and yells at his [[family]] when he arrives home. According to Freud, the man does not intentionally displace his anger and frustration on his family, but unconsciously does so because he finds the opposite relationships of one's actual thoughts and his family "safer." Venting his frustration at home will minimize consequences arising from his actions, were he to express his anger on the job.

Examples A pastor who is involved in a secret extramarital affair unconsciously attempts to push away threatening ===Projection=======Explanation====[[Projection]] takes one's own anxiety-arousing impulses related and attributes them to his behavior by preaching vehemently against sexual impurity. The pastor, according to psychoanalytic theory, is attempting to reduce his own feelings of guilt and almost atone for his secretive behavior by taking the opposite or morally "right" stancesomeone else.

Explanation: Regression Regression involves going back ====Examples==== A husband finds himself attracted to an earlier phase a charming and flirtatious woman at work. Instead of acknowledging his attraction, he becomes increasingly jealous of development when there were fewer demandshis wife and worried [[about]] her faithfulness to the [[marriage]]. In Freud would say that the face of severe stress, individuals may attempt jealous husband is simply projecting his own feelings onto his wife in an effort to cope with reduce the anxiety by clinging to immature behaviorshe feels about his own unacceptable feelings.

Examples Children who are frightened in school may indulge in infantile behavior such as weeping, excessive dependency, thumb-sucking, and clinging to the teacher. Again, this is perceived ===Reaction formation=======Explanation====Reaction [[formation]] helps protect against threatening impulses by psychoanalytic theory as an unconscious wish on overemphasizing the part opposite of the child to obtain nurturing, attention, or some type of consolation to cope with stressors they feel unable to handle. So, regression to an earlier, more helpless state can either provide them with the safety they feel they need or exempt them from responsibilities they perceive are beyond their capabilitiesone's actual thoughts and actions.

Explanation: Rationalization Rationalization helps ====Examples==== A pastor who is involved in a person justify specific behaviors or decisions that may not be acceptable [[secret]] extramarital affair unconsciously attempts to push away threatening impulses related to his behavior by preaching vehemently against sexual impurity. The pastor, according to psychoanalytic theory, is attempting to reduce his own feelings of guilt and almost atone for his secretive behavior by taking the conscious mindopposite or morally "right" stance.

Examples A woman interviews for a job that she really wants, but after the interview is over and she is not offered the position, she claims that she really did not want the job anyway. Rather than admitting ===Regression=======Explanation====[[Regression]] involves going back to herself that she may not have conducted the interview in an appropriate manner or did not have the necessary skills or experience the employer was seeking, she portrays the situation as one where she is the decision-makerearlier [[phase]] of [[development]] when there were fewer demands. This distortion of In the situation helps her minimize potential feelings face of failuresevere stress, inadequacy, or inferiorityindividuals may attempt to cope with anxiety by clinging to immature behaviors.

Explanation: Sublimation Sublimation====Examples====Children who are frightened in [[school]] may indulge in infantile behavior such as weeping, excessive dependency, thumb-sucking, according and clinging to a the teacher. Again, this is perceived by psychoanalytic perspectivetheory as an unconscious [[wish]] on the part of the child to obtain nurturing, attention, involves diverting sexual or aggressive energy into other channels that some type of consolation to cope with stressors they feel unable to handle. So, regression to an earlier, more [[helpless]] state can either provide them with the safety they feel they [[need]] or exempt them from responsibilities they perceive are often socially acceptable and even admirablebeyond their capabilities.

Examples A male with aggressive impulses becomes an all-state linebacker on the school football team. Were these same aggressive impulses acted out in common social situations, it would ===Rationalization=======Explanation====[[Rationalization]] helps a person justify specific behaviors or decisions that may not be considered inappropriate and possibly abusive acceptable to those on the receiving end. But given that "hitting" is inherent in a contact sport, the student can legitimately channel his aggressive tendencies toward a socially acceptable "performance." Not only does this give the student a release for the unconscious aggression, but it may also provide social approval for reinforcing the aggressive behavior in that context.Interior of Sigmund Freuds studyconscious mind. (Archive Photos, Inc. Reproduced by permission.)Interior of Sigmund Freud's study. (Archive Photos, Inc. Reproduced by permission.)Psychosexual development

Main points Freud's theory of psychosexual development had its origins in, and was ====Examples====A woman interviews for a generalization of, Josef Breuer's earlier discovery job that traumatic childhood events could have devastating negative effects upon the adult. This view assumed that early childhood sexual experiences were the crucial factors in the determination of the adult personality. Freud's believed that from the moment of birthshe really wants, but after the infant interview is driven in his actions by the desire for bodily/sexual pleasure. Initially, infants gain such release, over and derive such pleasure, through the act of sucking. Freud termed this period the oral stage of development. This she is followed by a stage in which not offered the locus of pleasure or energy release is the anus[[position]], particularly in the act of defecation, and this he termed she claims that she really did not [[want]] the anal stagejob anyway. Then Rather than admitting to herself that she may not have conducted the young child develops an interest interview in its sexual organs as a site of pleasure and an accompanying sexual attraction for appropriate manner or did not have the parent of necessary skills or experience the opposite sexemployer was seeking, while developing a subtle hatred for she portrays the parent of situation as one where she is the same sexdecision-maker. This, Freud called [[distortion]] of the phallic stage situation helps her minimize potential feelings of development. Following this the child then enters what Freud called the latency periodfailure, in which sexual motivations become much less pronounced. This lasts until pubertyinadequacy, when the mature genital stage of development begins, and the pleasure drive refocuses around the genital areaor inferiority.

This developmental sequence best described the progression of normal human development===Sublimation=======Explanation====[[Sublimation]], according to Freud. A child at a given stage of development has certain needs and demandspsychoanalytic perspective, such as the need of the infant to nurse. Frustration occurs when these needs are not met. Freud called these frustrations conflicts, and the child encounters them as part of the developmental process. Successful resolution of the conflict is crucial to adjustment and eventual adult mental health. According to Freud, when a child experiences a significant degree of frustration involves diverting sexual or overindulgence around these conflicts, the child's sexual urges become stuck to some extent in that stage of development. He called this inability to resolve the conflict a fixation. The child then continues to repeat the maladaptive behaviors [[aggressive]] energy into other channels that are indicative of that unresolved conflict. In contrast, if the child progresses normally through the stages, resolving each conflict and moving on, then the sexual urges do not become fixated often socially acceptable and will progress normallyeven admirable.

In Freud's view, many mental illnesses, particularly hysteria====Examples====A [[male]] with aggressive impulses becomes an all-state linebacker on the school football team. Were these same aggressive impulses acted out in common [[social]] situations, can it would be traced back to unresolved conflicts experienced at one of these developmental stages or considered inappropriate and possibly abusive to events which otherwise disrupt those on the normal pattern of infant developmentreceiving end. For example, homosexuality But given that "hitting" is seen by some Freudians as resulting from a failure to resolve the conflicts inherent in a contact sport, the phallic stage, particularly student can legitimately channel his aggressive tendencies toward a failure to identify with socially acceptable "performance." Not only does this give the parent of student a release for the same sex. The obsessive concern with washing one's hands and personal hygieneunconscious aggression, which characterizes but it may also provide social approval for reinforcing the aggressive behavior of some neurotics, is seen as resulting from unresolved conflicts/repressions occurring at the anal stagein that context.

Examples A child fixated at ==Psychosexual development=====Main points===Freud's theory of [[psychosexual]] development had its origins in, and was a generalization of, Josef Breuer's earlier discovery that [[traumatic]] childhood events could have devastating negative effects upon the adult. This view assumed that early childhood sexual experiences were the crucial factors in the determination of the adult personality. Freud's believed that from the [[moment]] of birth, the [[infant]] is driven in his actions by the desire for bodily/sexual pleasure. Initially, infants gain such release, and derive such pleasure, through the act of sucking. Freud termed this period the [[oral ]] [[stage ]] of development may become very dependent on his . This is followed by a stage in which the locus of pleasure or her motherenergy release is the anus, particularly in the act of defecation, clinging to her and becoming fearful this he termed the [[anal]] stage. Then the young child develops an interest in its sexual organs as a site of pleasure and an accompanying sexual attraction for the parent of the opposite sex, while developing a subtle [[hatred]] for the parent of being away from herthe same sex. This, according to Freud, results because called the [[phallic]] stage of development. Following this the child was unable to adequately resolve then enters what Freud called the dependency needs [[latency]] period, in which sexual motivations become much less pronounced. This lasts until [[puberty]], when the oral mature [[genital]] stage of developmentbegins, and the pleasure drive refocuses around the genital area.

Explanation: Anal stage At approximately 18 months This [[developmental]] sequence best described the progression of agenormal human development, the according to Freud. A child enters the anal at a given stage of psychosexual development. With has certain needs and demands, such as the advent need of toilet training comes the child's obsession with the anus infant to nurse. Frustration occurs when these needs are not met. Freud called these frustrations conflicts, and with the retention or expulsion child encounters them as part of the fecesdevelopmental process. This represents a classic Successful [[resolution]] of the conflict between the idis crucial to adjustment and eventual adult [[mental]] health. According to Freud, which derives pleasure from expulsion when a child experiences a significant degree of bodily wastesfrustration or overindulgence around these conflicts, and the ego and superego, which represent the practical and societal pressures to control the bodily functions. The child meets the conflict between physical desires and the parent's demands sexual urges become stuck to some extent in one that stage of two ways: Either he puts up development. He called this inability to resolve the conflict a fight or he simply refuses to go[[fixation]]. The child who wants then continues to fight takes pleasure in excreting maliciously, perhaps just before or just after being placed on [[repeat]] the toilet. If the parents maladaptive behaviors that are too lenient and the child manages to derive pleasure and success from this expulsion, it will result in the formation indicative of what Freud called the "anal expulsive character." This characterizes adults who are generally messy, disorganized, reckless, careless, and defiantthat unresolved conflict. In contrast, a if the child may opt to retain feces, thereby spiting his parents while enjoying progresses normally through the pleasurable pressure of the built-up feces in his intestine. If this tactic succeeds and the child is overindulged, he will develop into an "anal retentive character." This type of person is stereotypically viewed as neat, precise, orderly, careful, stingy, withholding, obstinate, meticulous[[stages]], resolving each conflict and passive-aggressive. The resolution of the anal stage, which includes proper toilet trainingmoving on, permanently affects then the individual's inclinations to possess sexual urges do not become fixated and their attitudes toward authority. This stage lasts from ages one and one-half to two yearswill [[progress]] normally.

Examples According In Freud's view, many mental illnesses, particularly [[hysteria]], can be traced back to unresolved conflicts experienced at one of these developmental stages or to psychoanalytic theoryevents which otherwise disrupt the normal pattern of infant development. For example, if [[homosexuality]] is seen by some Freudians as resulting from a child becomes fixated at failure to resolve the conflicts inherent in the anal [[phallic stage]], it carries over into particularly a failure to [[identify]] with the rest parent of the personsame sex. The obsessive concern with washing one's life. For instancehands and personal hygiene, an adult who has anal expulsive traits may like crude or inappropriate bathroom humor or exhibit passive-aggressive which characterizes the behavior toward others. Those characterized by the anal retentive trait may be overly concerned with order, cleanlinessof some neurotics, or organization. This behavior is sometimes diagnosed seen as obsessive-compulsive disorder and may pose significant problems for resulting from unresolved conflicts/repressions occurring at the person as he or she attempts to carry on normal activities of living[[anal stage]].

===Oral stage=======Explanation: Phallic stage ==== The phallic [[oral stage ]] of [[psychosexual development]] begins at birth when the oral cavity is the setting for the most crucial sexual conflict in Freud's primary focus of psychosexual model energy (libido). The child, of development. In this stagecourse, preoccupies himself with nursing and receives the child's genital region becomes pleasure of sucking and accepting things into the focusmouth. As the The child becomes more interested in who is frustrated at this stage and unable to get his needs met adequately, because his [[mother]] refuses to nurse him on [[demand]] or her genitals who ends nursing sessions early, is characterized by [[pessimism]], [[envy]], suspicion, and in the genitals sarcasm. The overindulged infant, whose nursing urges were often excessively [[satisfied]], is optimistic, gullible, and is [[full]] of admiration for others, conflict arisesaround him. This stage culminates in the primary conflictof [[weaning]], which Freud labeled both deprives the child of the "Oedipus complex" for boys sensory pleasures of nursing and of the "Electra complex" psychological pleasure of being cared for girls, involves the child's unconscious desire to possess the opposite-sexed parent mothered, and held. This stage lasts approximately one and to eliminate the sameone-sexed onehalf years.

In ====Examples====A child fixated at the young male, the Oedipus conflict stems from his natural love for oral stage of development may become very dependent on his or her mother, a love which becomes sexual as his libidinal energy transfers from the anal region clinging to his genitals. Unfortunately for the boy, his father stands in the way her and becoming fearful of possessing his motherbeing away from her. The boy therefore feels aggression and envy towards this rival, his father, and also feels fear that the father will strike back at him. The boy, by this timeThis, has undoubtedly noticed that women, his mother in particular, do not have penises. Although he understands that this is a male-only fixture, he fears that his father will do something according to take away his penis. Freud called this fear "castration anxiety," which helps results because the boy child was unable to repress his desire for his mother. Moreover, while adequately resolve the boy recognizes now that he cannot possess his mother, because his father does, he can possess her vicariously by identifying with his father and becoming as much like him as possible. This identification indoctrinates dependency needs in the boy into his appropriate sexual role in lifeoral stage of development.

While ===Anal stage=======Explanation====At approximately 18 months of age, the Oedipal conflict was developed in great detail, Freud did not provide as much clarity on child enters the Electra complexanal stage of psychosexual development. The Electra complex has its roots in a young girlWith the advent of toilet [[training]] comes the child's discovery that she, along [[obsession]] with her mother the anus and all other women, lack with the retention or [[expulsion]] of the penis that her father and other men possess[[feces]]. Her love for her father then becomes both erotic and enviousThis represents a classic conflict between the id, as she yearns for a penis which derives pleasure from expulsion of her own. She comes to blame her mother for her perceived castrationbodily wastes, and is struck by "penis envythe ego and superego," which [[represent]] the apparent counterpart [[practical]] and societal pressures to control the boybodily functions. The child meets the conflict between [[physical]] desires and the parent's castration anxietydemands in one of two ways: Either he puts up a fight or he simply refuses to go. The resolution child who wants to fight takes pleasure in excreting maliciously, perhaps just before or just after being placed on the toilet. If the [[parents]] are too lenient and the child manages to derive pleasure and success from this expulsion, it will result in the formation of what Freud called the Electra complex is far less clear-cut than "anal expulsive [[character]]." This characterizes [[adults]] who are generally messy, disorganized, reckless, careless, and defiant. In contrast, a child may opt to retain feces, thereby spiting his parents while enjoying the resolution pleasurable pressure of the Oedipus complex is built-up feces in maleshis intestine. Freud stated that If this tactic succeeds and the resolution comes much later and child is never truly completeoverindulged, he will develop into an "[[anal retentive]] character. Just " This type of person is stereotypically viewed as the boy learned his sexual role by identifying with his fatherneat, precise, orderly, careful, stingy, withholding, obstinate, meticulous, so the girl learns her role by identifying with her mother in an attempt to possess her father vicariouslyand [[passive]]-aggressive. At the eventual The resolution of the conflictanal stage, the girl passes into the latency periodwhich includes proper toilet training, though Freud implies that she always remains slightly fixated at permanently affects the phallic individual's inclinations to possess and their attitudes toward [[authority]]. This stagelasts from ages one and one-half to two years.

Fixation ====Examples====According to psychoanalytic theory, if a child becomes fixated at the phallic anal stage develops a phallic character , it carries over into the rest of the person's life. For instance, an adult who is recklesshas anal expulsive traits may like crude or inappropriate bathroom [[humor]] or exhibit passive-aggressive behavior toward others. Those characterized by the anal retentive [[trait]] may be overly concerned with order, resolutecleanliness, selfor organization. This behavior is sometimes diagnosed as obsessive-assured, compulsive disorder and narcissistic. The failure to resolve may pose significant problems for the conflict can also cause a person as he or she attempts to be afraid of or incapable of close love. Freud also postulated that fixation could be a root cause carry on normal activities of homosexualityliving.

Examples ===Phallic stage=======Explanation====The phallic stage is the setting for the most crucial sexual conflict in Freud believed that adults may unconsciously replay unresolved conflicts from their childhoods if fixated at that 's psychosexual [[model]] of development. In this stage, the child's genital region becomes the focus. Perhaps As the best example is young adults who seek child becomes more interested in his or her genitals and in the company genitals of the opposite sexothers, and may eventually marry someone like their own mother or fatherconflict arises. This conflict, which Freud would say that this not only represents familiarity, but an unconscious effort to resolve labeled the fixated conflict from "[[Oedipus]] [[complex]]" for boys and the phallic stage of psychosexual development. The young person may try to "win[[Electra complex]]" for girls, involves the affection of child's unconscious desire to possess the desired one in an effort opposite-sexed parent and to finally achieve eliminate the maternal or paternal closeness for which they have longedsame-sexed one.

Explanation: Latency The resolution of In the phallic stage leads to young male, the latency periodOedipus conflict stems from his [[natural]] love for his mother, a love which is not a psychosexual stage of developmentbecomes sexual as his [[libidinal]] energy transfers from the anal region to his genitals. Unfortunately for the boy, but a period his father stands in which the sexual drive lies dormantway of possessing his mother. Freud saw latency as a period of unparalleled repression of sexual desires The boy therefore feels aggression and envy towards this rival, his father, and impulsesalso feels fear that the father will strike back at him. During the latency periodThe boy, children pour by this repressed libidinal energy into asexual pursuits such as schooltime, has undoubtedly noticed that [[women]], athleticshis mother in particular, and samedo not have penises. Although he understands that this is a male-sex friendshipsonly fixture, he fears that his father will do something to take away his [[penis]]. But soon puberty strikesFreud called this fear "[[castration]] anxiety, and " which helps the genitals once again become a central focus of libidinal energy. The latency stage extends approximately from ages six boy to 12repress his desire for his mother. Critics claim Moreover, while the boy recognizes now that Freud's assumption of a latency period of sexual developmenthe cannot possess his mother, especially at this stage of growthbecause his father does, represents a significant weakness he can possess her vicariously by [[identifying]] with his father and becoming as much like him as possible. This [[identification]] indoctrinates the boy into his appropriate sexual role in his theorylife.

Examples Boys While the [[Oedipal]] conflict was developed in great detail, Freud did not provide as much clarity on the Electra complex. The Electra complex has its roots in a young [[girl]]'s discovery that she, along with her mother and girls in all other women, [[lack]] the latency stagepenis that her father and other men possess. Her love for her father then becomes both erotic and envious, as she yearns for a penis of her own. She comes to blame her mother for the most parther perceived castration, have same-sex playmates and show little interest in being in is struck by "[[penis envy]]," the [[apparent]] [[counterpart]] to the company boy's [[castration anxiety]]. The resolution of peers the Electra complex is far less clear-cut than the resolution of the opposite sex[[Oedipus complex]] is in males. During this period, boys Freud stated that the resolution comes much later and girls typically begin evidencing their sex roles through playis never truly [[complete]]. Boys gravitate to those activities characterized Just as masculinethe boy learned his sexual role by identifying with his father, participating so the girl learns her role by identifying with her mother in more aggressive playan attempt to possess her father vicariously. Girls tend to favor more feminine activities such as playing with dolls or dressing upAt the eventual resolution of the conflict, the girl passes into the [[latency period]], though Freud implies that she always remains slightly fixated at the phallic stage.

Explanation: Genital stage In Fixation at the genital phallic stage, as the child's energy once again focuses on his or her genitals, interest turns to heterosexual relationships. The less energy the child has fixated in unresolved psychosexual development, the greater the capacity will be to develop normal relationships with the opposite sex. Freud thought that if develops a person did not get trapped in any of sequential psychosexual stagesphallic character who is reckless, then adolescence would mark the beginning of an adult life and normal sexual relationsresolute, marriageself-assured, and child-rearing[[narcissistic]]. If, however, the person remained fixated, particularly in the phallic stage, development would be troubled as he or she struggled The failure to resolve the points of contention. Unfortunately, the conflict can also cause a person will often resort to repression and other defense mechanisms because he be afraid of or she does not know how to truly resolve the unconscious issuesincapable of close love. Freud, unlike Erik Erikson who expanded his stages to cover the full span of life, believed also postulated that the crucial conflict of the genital stage occurred between the ages fixation could be a root cause of 12 and 18, but left the impression that the genital stage continues indefinitelyhomosexuality.

====Examples ====Freud believed that adults may unconsciously replay unresolved conflicts from their childhoods if fixated at that stage. Perhaps the best example is young adults who seek the company of the opposite sex, and may eventually marry someone like their own mother or father. Freud would say that this not only represents familiarity, but an unconscious effort to resolve the fixated conflict from the phallic stage of psychosexual development. The young person may try to "win" the affection of the desired one in an effort to finally achieve the [[maternal]] or paternal closeness for which they have longed. ===Latency=======Explanation====The resolution of the phallic stage leads to the latency period, which is not a psychosexual stage of development, but a period in which the sexual drive lies dormant. Freud saw latency as a period of unparalleled repression of sexual desires and impulses. During the latency period, children pour this repressed libidinal energy into asexual pursuits such as school, athletics, and same-sex friendships. But soon puberty strikes, and the genitals once again become a central focus of libidinal energy. The latency stage extends approximately from ages six to 12. Critics [[claim]] that Freud's assumption of a latency period of sexual development, especially at this stage of growth, represents a significant weakness in his theory. ====Examples====Boys and girls in the latency stage, for the most part, have same-sex playmates and show little interest in being in the company of peers of the opposite sex. During this period, boys and girls typically begin evidencing their sex roles through play. Boys gravitate to those activities characterized as [[masculine]], participating in more aggressive play. Girls tend to favor more [[feminine]] activities such as playing with dolls or dressing up. ===Genital stage=======Explanation====In the [[genital stage]], as the child's energy once again focuses on his or her genitals, interest turns to heterosexual relationships. The less energy the child has fixated in unresolved psychosexual development, the greater the capacity will be to develop normal relationships with the opposite sex. Freud thought that if a person did not get trapped in any of sequential [[psychosexual stages]], then adolescence would mark the beginning of an adult life and normal [[sexual relations]], marriage, and child-rearing. If, however, the person remained fixated, particularly in the phallic stage, development would be troubled as he or she struggled to resolve the points of contention. Unfortunately, the person will often resort to repression and other defense mechanisms because he or she does not [[know]] how to truly resolve the unconscious issues. Freud, unlike Erik Erikson who expanded his stages to cover the full span of life, believed that the crucial conflict of the genital stage occurred between the ages of 12 and 18, but left the impression that the genital stage continues indefinitely. ====Examples====The genital stage primarily comprises adolescents who are intensely interested in the opposite sex, dating, and sexual experimentation. If young people have resolved the previous conflicts in earlier psychosexual stages, they should be able to contain their genital urges in an appropriate manner. If not, they will, according to Freud, act out their unresolved conflicts in aberrant ways. For instance, a male who has not resolved the phallic stage conflict may become possessive and jealous of his girlfriend, attempting to restrict her social life and thereby demanding loyalty to him exclusively.