https://nosubject.com/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=75.18.234.174&feedformat=atomNo Subject - Encyclopedia of Psychoanalysis - User contributions [en]2024-03-29T12:09:27ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.31.0https://nosubject.com/index.php?title=Analysand&diff=39899Analysand2009-10-13T19:11:18Z<p>75.18.234.174: </p>
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<div>{{Topp}}analysant]], [[psychanalysant{{Bottom}}<br />
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Before 1967 [[Lacan]] refers to the one who is "in" [[psychoanalytic treatment]] as the "[[patient]]" or the "[[subject]]", or uses the technical term [[analysand|''analysé'']]. However, in 1967, [[Lacan]] introduces the term [[analysand|''analysant'']], based on the [[English]] term "[[analysand|analysand]]".<ref>{{Lacan}} 1967. p.18</ref> [[Lacan]] refers this term because, being derived from the gerund, it indicates that the one who lies on the couch is the one who does most of the work. This contrasts with the old term [[analysand|''analysé'']] which, being derived from the passive participle, suggests either a less active participation in the [[treatment|analytic process]], or that the [[treatment|analytic process]] has [[end of analysis|finished]]. In [[Lacan]]'s view, the [[analysand]] is not "[[treatment|analysed]]" by the [[analyst]]; it is the [[analysand]] who [[treatment|analyze]]s and the task of the [[analyst]] is to help him to [[treatment|analyze]] well.<br />
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== See also ==<br />
{{See}}<br />
* [[Analyst]]<br />
* [[Psychoanalysis]]<br />
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* [[Subject]]<br />
* [[Treatment]]<br />
{{Also}}<br />
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== References ==<br />
<div style="font-size:11px" class="references-small"><br />
<references/><br />
</div><br />
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[[Category:Psychoanalysis]]<br />
[[Category:Jacques Lacan]]<br />
[[Category:Practice]]<br />
[[Category:Treatment]]<br />
[[Category:Dictionary]]<br />
[[Category:Concepts]]<br />
[[Category:Terms]]<br />
[[Category:OK]]<br />
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__NOTOC__</div>75.18.234.174https://nosubject.com/index.php?title=Projection&diff=39898Projection2009-10-13T18:15:23Z<p>75.18.234.174: /* Definition */</p>
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<div>{{Top}}project|projection{{Bottom}}<br />
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=====Definition=====<br />
[[Projection]] is a [[defence|defence mechanism]] in which an [[internal]] [[desire]]/[[thought]]/[[feeling]] is [[displaced]] and located [[outside]] the [[subject]], in another [[subject]]. <br />
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In a general sense, the term [[projection]] denotes an operation that consists in the [[displacement]] of something from one space to another, or from one part of a single space to another. <br />
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Cutting off what the [[superego]] perceives as "bad" aspects of oneself (e.g. weakness or homosexual desire) and [[projection|projecting]] them onto someone else "over there" where they can be condemned, punished, etc..<br />
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For example a person who has been (or who feels) unfaithful to his partner may defend himself against [[feeling]]s of [[guilt]] by accusing the partner of being unfaithful.<br />
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=====Sigmund Freud=====<br />
[[Freud]] and many other [[psychoanalyst]]s use the term "[[projection]]" to describe a [[defence|mechanism]] which is present (to differing degrees) in both [[psychosis]] and [[neurosis]].<br />
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=====Jacques Lacan=====<br />
[[Lacan]] understands the term "[[projection]]" as a purely [[neurosis|neurotic]] [[defence|mechanism]] and distinguishes it clearly from the apparently similar phenomenon that occurs in [[psychosis]] (which [[Lacan]] calls [[foreclosure]]). <br />
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Whereas [[projection]] is rooted in the [[imaginary]] [[dual relation]]ship between the [[ego]] and the [[counterpart]],<ref>{{S3}} p. 145</ref> [[foreclosure]] goes beyond the [[imaginary]] and instead involves a [[signifier]] which is not incorporated in the [[symbolic]].<br />
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=====Introjection=====<br />
[[Lacan]] also rejects the view that [[introjection]] is the [[inversion|inverse]] of [[projection]], arguing that these two processes are located on quite different levels. <br />
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Whereas [[projection]] is an [[imaginary]] [[defence|mechanism]], [[introjection]] is a [[symbolic]] process.<ref>{{Ec}} p. 655</ref><br />
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=====See Also=====<br />
{{See}}<br />
* [[Counterpart]]<br />
* [[Defence]]<br />
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* [[Dual relation]]<br />
* [[Ego]]<br />
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* [[Foreclosure]]<br />
* [[Imaginary]]<br />
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* [[Introjection]]<br />
* [[Introversion]]<br />
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* [[Neurosis]]<br />
* [[Psychosis]]<br />
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* [[Subject]]<br />
* [[Symbolic]]<br />
{{Also}}<br />
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=====References=====<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Sigmund Freud]]<br />
[[Category:Freudian psychology]]<br />
{{OK}}<br />
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__NOTOC__</div>75.18.234.174https://nosubject.com/index.php?title=Anxiety&diff=39897Anxiety2009-10-13T18:13:40Z<p>75.18.234.174: /* Real */</p>
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<div>{{Top}}angoisse{{Bottom}}<br />
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==Psychiatry==<br />
"[[Anxiety]]" has long been recognised in [[psychiatry]] as one of the most common [[symptom]]s of mental disorder. <br />
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[[Psychiatric]] descriptions of [[anxiety]] generally refer to both mental phenomena (apprehension, worry) and bodily phenomena (breathlessnes, palpitations, muscle tension, fatigue, dizziness, sweating and tremor). <br />
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[[Psychiatrist]]s also distinguish between generalised [[anxiety]] states, when "free-floating anxiety" is present most of the time, and "panic attacks," which are "intermittent episodes of acute anxiety."<ref>Hughes, Jennifer. ''An Outline of Modern Psychiatry'', Chichester: Wiley, 1991. pp. 48-9</ref><br />
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==Sigmund Freud==<br />
The [[German]] term employed by [[Freud]] (''[[Angst]]'') can have the [[psychiatric]] sense described above, but is by no means an exclusively technical term, being also in common use in ordinary [[speech]]. <br />
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[[Freud]] developed two theories of [[anxiety]] during the course of his work. <br />
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From 1884 to 1925 he argued that [[neurotic]] [[anxiety]] is simply a transformation of [[sexual]] [[libido]] that has not been adequately [[discharge]]d. <br />
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In 1926, [[Freud]] argued that [[anxiety]] is a reaction to a "[[trauma]]tic situation," an experience of [[helplessness]] in the face of an accumulation of excitation that cannot be [[discharge]]d. <br />
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[[Trauma]]tic situations are precipitated by "situations of danger" such as birth, [[loss]] of the [[mother]] as [[object]], [[loss]] of the [[object]]'s [[love]] and, above all, [[castration]]. <br />
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[[Freud]] distinguishes between "[[anxiety|automatic anxiety]]," when the [[anxiety]] arises directly as a result of a [[trauma]]tic situation, and "[[anxiety|anxiety as signal]]," when the [[anxiety]] is actively reproduced by the [[ego]] as a warning of an anticipated situation of danger.<br />
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==Jacques Lacan==<br />
In his early work, [[Lacan]] relates [[anxiety]] to the [[threat]] of [[fragmentation]] which the [[subject]] confronts in the [[mirror stage]].<br />
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It is only long after the [[mirror stage]], he argues, that these [[fantasy|fantasies]] of bodily dismemberment coalesce around the [[penis]], giving rise to [[castration]] [[anxiety]].<ref>{{1938}} p. 44</ref><br />
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He also links [[anxiety]] with the [[fear]] of being engulfed by the devouring [[mother]]. <br />
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This theme (with its distinctly [[Klein]]ian tone) remains an important aspect of [[Lacan]]'s account of [[anxiety]] thereafter, and marks an apparent difference between [[Lacan]] and [[Freud]]: whereas [[Freud]] posits that one of the causes of [[anxiety]] is [[separation]] from the [[mother]], [[Lacan]] argues that it is precisely a [[lack]] of such [[separation]] which induces [[anxiety]].<br />
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==Real==<br />
After 1953, [[Lacan]] comes increasingly to articulate [[anxiety]] with his concept of the [[real]], a [[trauma]]tic element which remains [[external]] to [[symbolisation]], and hence which lacks any possible mediation. <br />
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This [[real]] is "the essential object which isn't an object any longer, but this something faced with which all words cease and all categories fail, the object of anxiety par excellence."<ref>{{S2}} p. 164</ref><br />
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==Imaginary==<br />
As well as linking [[anxiety]] with the [[real]], [[Lacan]] also locates it in the [[imaginary]] [[order]] and contrasts it with [[guilt]], which he situates in the [[symbolic]].<ref>{{L}} "[[Works of Jacques Lacan|Fetishism: The Symbolic, the Imaginary and the Real]]" (with W. Granoff), 1956. M. Balint (ed.), ''Perversions: Psychodynamics and Therapy'', New York: Random House, London: Tavistock. pp. 272-3</ref><br />
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<blockquote>"Anxiety, as we know, is always connected with a loss . . . with a two-sided relation on the point of fading away to be superseded by something else, something which the patient cannot face without vertigo."<ref>{{L}} "[[Works of Jacques Lacan|Fetishism: The Symbolic, the Imaginary and the Real]]" (with W. Granoff), 1956. M. Balint (ed.), ''Perversions: Psychodynamics and Therapy'', New York: Random House, London: Tavistock. p. 273</ref></blockquote><br />
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==Phobia==<br />
In the [[seminar]] of 1956-7 [[Lacan]] goes on to develop his theory of [[anxiety]] further, in the context of his discussion of [[phobia]]. <br />
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[[Lacan]] argues that [[anxiety]] is the radical danger which the [[subject]] attempts to avoid at all costs, and that the various [[subject]]ive [[formation]]s encountered in [[psychoanalysis]], from [[phobia]]s to [[fetishism]], are protections against [[anxiety]].<ref>{{S4}} p. 23</ref><br />
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[[Anxiety]] is thus present in all [[neurotic]] [[structure]]s, but is especially evident in [[phobia]].<ref>{{E}} p. 321</ref> <br />
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Even a [[phobia]] is preferable to [[anxiety]];<ref>{{S4}} p. 345</ref> a [[phobia]] at least replaces [[anxiety]] with [[fear]] (which is focused on a particular [[object]] and thus may be [[symbolic|symbolically]] worked-through).<ref>{{S4}} p. 243-6</ref><br />
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==Little Hans==<br />
In his analysis of the case of [[Little Hans]],<ref>{{F}} "[[Work of Sigmund Freud|Analysis of a Phobia in a Five-Year-Old Boy]]", 1909b. [[SE]] X, 3.</ref> [[Lacan]] argues that [[anxiety]] arises at that moment when the [[subject]] is poised between the [[imaginary]] [[preoedipal phase|preoedipal triangle]] and the [[Oedipal]] [[quaternary]]. <br />
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It is at this junction that [[Little Hans|Hans]]'s real [[penis]] makes itself felt in infantile masturbation; [[anxiety]] is produced because he can now measure the difference between that for which he is loved by the [[mother]] (his position as [[imaginary phallus]]) and that which he really has to give (his insignificant real organ).<ref>{{S4}} p.243</ref> <br />
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[[Anxiety]] is this point where the [[subject]] is suspended between a moment where he no longer knows where he is and a future where he will never again be able to refind himself.<ref>{{S4}} p.226</ref> <br />
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[[Hans]] would have been saved from this [[anxiety]] by the [[castrating]] intervention of the [[real]] [[father]], but this does not happen; the [[father]] fails to intervene to separate [[Hans]] from the [[mother]], and thus [[Hans]] develops a [[phobia]] as a substitute for this intervention. <br />
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Once again, what emerges from [[Lacan]]'s account of [[Little Hans]] is that it is not [[separation]] from the [[mother]] which gives rise to [[anxiety]], but failure to [[separation|separate]] from her.<ref>{{S4}} p. 319</ref><br />
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Consequently, [[castration]], far from being the principal source of [[anxiety]], is actually what saves the [[subject]] from [[anxiety]].<br />
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==Desire==<br />
In the [[seminar]] of 1960-1, [[Lacan]] stresses the relationship of [[anxiety]] to [[desire]].<br />
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[[Anxiety]] is a way to sustain [[desire]] when the [[object]] is [[missing]].<br />
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[[Desire]] is a remedy for [[anxiety]], easier to bear than [[anxiety]].<ref>{{S8}} p. 430</ref><br />
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He also argues that the source of [[anxiety]] is not always internal to the [[subject]], but can often come from another, just as it is transmitted from one animal to another in a herd; "if anxiety is a signal, it means it can come from another."<ref>{{S8}} p. 427</ref><br />
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This is why the [[analyst]] must not allow his own [[anxiety]] to interfere with the [[treatment]], a requirement which he is only able to meet because he maintains a [[desire]] of his own, the [[desire]] of the [[analyst]].<ref>{{S8}} p. 430</ref><br />
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==Truth==<br />
In the [[seminar]] of 1962-3, entitled simply "[[Anxiety]]", [[Lacan]] argues that [[anxiety]] is an [[affect]], not an [[affect|emotion]], and furthermore that it is the only [[affect]] which is beyond all doubt, which is not [[truth|deceptive]].<ref>{{S11}} p. 41</ref> <br />
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==''Objet (petit) a''==<br />
Whereas [[Freud]] distinguished between [[fear]] (which is focused on a specific object) and [[anxiety]] (which is not), [[Lacan]] now argues that [[anxiety]] is not without an [[object]] (''n'est pas sans objet''); it simply involves a different kind of [[object]], an [[object]] which cannot be [[symbolise]]d in the same way as all other [[object]]s. <br />
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This [[object]] is ''[[objet petit a]]'', the [[object-cause of desire]], and [[anxiety]] appears when something appears in the place of this [[object]]. <br />
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[[Anxiety]] arises when the [[subject]] is confronted by the [[desire]] of the [[Other]] and does not know what [[object]] he is for that [[desire]].<br />
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==Lack==<br />
It is also in this [[seminar]] that [[Lacan]] links [[anxiety]] to the concept of [[lack]].<br />
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All [[desire]] arises from [[lack]], and [[anxiety]] arises when this [[lack]] is itself [[lack]]ing; [[anxiety]] is the [[lack]] of a [[lack]].<br />
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[[Anxiety]] is not the [[absence]] of the [[breast]], but its enveloping [[presence]]; it is the possibility of its [[absence]] which is, in fact, that which saves us from [[anxiety]]. <br />
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[[Acting out]] and [[passage to the act]] are last [[defence]]s against [[anxiety]].<br />
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==Mirror Stage==<br />
[[Anxiety]] is also linked to the [[mirror stage]]. <br />
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Even in the usually comforting experience of seeing one's reflection in the [[mirror]] there can occur a moment when the [[specular image]] is modified and suddenly seems strange to us. <br />
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In this way, [[Lacan]] links [[anxiety]] to [[Freud]]'s concept of the ''[[uncanny]]''.<ref>{{F}} "[[The Uncanny]]", 1919h. [[SE]] XIV, 161.</ref><br />
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==''Jouissance''==<br />
Whereas the [[seminar]] of 1962-3 is largely concerned with [[Freud]]'s second theory of [[anxiety]] ([[anxiety]] as [[sign]]al)), in the [[seminar]] of 1974-5 [[Lacan]] appears to return to the first [[Freud]]ian theory of [[anxiety]] ([[anxiety]] as transformed [[libido]]).<br />
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Thus he comments that [[anxiety]] is that which exists in the interior of the [[body]] when the [[body]] is overcome with [[phallus|phallic]] ''[[jouissance]]''.<ref>{{L}} ''[[Seminar XXII|Le Séminaire. Livre XXII. RSI, 1974-5]]'', published in ''[[Ornicar?]]'', nos. 2-5, 1975. [[Seminar]] of 17 December 1974</ref><br />
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==See Also==<br />
{{See}}<br />
* [[Absence]]<br />
* [[Castration]]<br />
* [[Desire]]<br />
||<br />
* [[Fragmented body]]<br />
* ''[[Jouissance]]''<br />
* [[Lack]]<br />
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* [[Mirror stage]]<br />
* [[Mother]]<br />
* [[Other]]<br />
||<br />
* [[Neurosis]]<br />
* [[Phobia]]<br />
* [[Structure]]<br />
{{Also}}<br />
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== References ==<br />
<div style="font-size:11px" class="references-small"><br />
<references/><br />
</div><br />
[[Category:Psychoanalysis]]<br />
[[Category:Jacques Lacan]]<br />
[[Category:Practice]]<br />
[[Category:Treatment]]<br />
[[Category:Dictionary]]<br />
[[Category:Concepts]]<br />
[[Category:Terms]]<br />
{{OK}}<br />
<br />
__NOTOC__</div>75.18.234.174