Changes

{{ToppToppp}}psychose]]|-|| [[German]]: ''[[Psychose{{Bottom}}

The term psychosis is used in many ways, but in general refers to people suffering from so-called schizophrenia, with hallucinations and delusions; manic depression; various paranoid states; and severe hypochondrial, obsessional, or narcissistic states. The term "[[psychosisPsychosis]]" is used in a nosological [[psychoanalysiscategory]] to describe a ''severe mental disorder'', more serious than distinct from [[neurosis]], characterized by disorganized thought processes, disorientation in [[time]] and [[spaceperversion]], [[hallucination]]s, and [[delusion]]s. Types of It is brought [[psychosisabout]] include by the [[paranoiaforeclosure]], of a primordial [[manic depressionsignifier]], the [[megalomania]], and [[schizophrenia]]. [[Psychosis]] has many different forms: [[paranoia]], [[schizophrenia]], and [[manicName-of-the-depressionFather]].

==Jacques In his seminar of 1955-56 ([[Seminar III|Seminar III, ''The Psychoses'']]), Lacan=====History===argues that there is a [[defense mechanism]] specific to [[psychosis]] on the grounds that the peculiarly invasive and devastating [[Jacques Lacannature]]of psychotics's interest in delusional systems and hallucinations indicates major [[structural]] differences between [[psychosis]] predates his interest in and [[psychoanalysisneurosis]]. <!--The term [[Jacques Lacanpsychosis]] studied is used in many ways, but in general refers to [[psychosispeople]] for his doctoral research about a [[womansuffering]] he calls "from so-called [[Aimeeschizophrenia]]."<ref>{{1932}}</ref> Indeed it was his doctoral research, which concerned a with [[psychotichallucination]] s and [[womandelusion]] whom s; manic [[Lacandepression]] calls ; various [[Aiméeparanoia|paranoid states]] that first led ; and severe hypochondrial, [[Lacanobsessional neurosis|obsessional]] to , or [[psychoanalytic theorynarcissism|narcissistic states]].<ref>{{1932}}</ref> It The term "[[psychosis]]" is common used in [[psychoanalysis]] to comapre describe a ''severe [[Lacanmental]]disorder''s totured and at times almost incomprehensible style of writing , more serious than [[neurosis]], characterized by disorganized [[thought]] [[processes]], disorientation in [[time]] and speaking to the discourse of [[psychoticspace]] , [[patienthallucination]]s. , and [[Lacandelusion]]'s discussions . Types of [[psychosis]] are among the most signiifncant include [[paranoia]], [[manic depression]], [[megalomania]], and original aspects of his work[[schizophrenia]]. [[LacanPsychosis]]'s most detailed discussion of has many different forms: [[psychosisparanoia]] appears in his , [[seminarschizophrenia]] of 1955-6, entitled simply ''and [[Seminar III|The Psychosesmanic-depression]]''. It is here that he exponds what come Common features are difficult to be the main tenets of the define exactly, but psychoanalytically [[Lacanspeaking]]ian approach to one can see [[madnessthree]].broad features in psychotic patients:

===Clinical Structure===# A [[Psychosisparticular]] is defined as one relation to reality# A special relation of the three subject to his [[clinical structurespeech]]s, one ;# A particular structure of which is defined by the operation of [[foreclosure]]. In this operation, the [[Namesubject-of-the-Father]] >==Sigmund Freud==It is not integrated in the [[symbolic order|symbolic universetrue]] of the [[psychotic]] (it is "[[foreclosed]]"), with the result that a hole is left in Freud had found that the [[symbolic orderdiscourse]]. To speak of a [[lack|hole]] in the [[symbolic order]] is not to say that psychotic and the apparently bizarre and meaningless phenomena of psychosis could be deciphered and [[psychotic]] does not have an [[unconsciousunderstood]]; on the contrary, in just as [[psychosisdreams]] "the unconscious is present but not functioningcan."<ref>{{S3}} p. 208</ref> The Freud's [[psychoticanalysis]] [[structure]] thus results from a certain malfunction of the psychotic [[Oedipus complexSchreber]]'s memoirs thus broke with contemporary approaches to psychosis, a [[lack]] in which regarded psychotics as beyond the [[paternal function]]; more specifically, in [[psychosis]] the [[paternal function]] is reduced to the [[image]] limits of the [[fatherunderstanding]] (the [[symbolic]] is reduced to the [[imaginary]]Freud, 1951).

<!-- ====Psychotic Phenomena==== --><!-- In [[However, as Lacan]]ian [[psychoanalysis]] it is important to distinguish between [[psychosis]]points out, which the fact that the psychotic's discourse is a [[clinical structure]], and [[psychotic]] phenomena such just as interpretable as [[delusions]] and [[hallucinations]]. Two conditions are required for psychotic phenomena to emerge: that of the [[subject]] must have a [[psychotic]] [[structure]], and neurotic leaves the [[Name-of-two disorders at the-Father]] must be "called into symbolic opposition same level and fails to account for the subject."<ref>{{E}} p. 217</ref> In the major differences between [[absencethem]] of the first condition, no confrontation with thus the paternal signifier will ever lead to psychotic phenomena; a [[neuroticdistinction]] can never "become psychotic."<ref>{{S3}} p. 15</ref> In between the [[absence]] of the second condition, the [[psychotic]] [[structure]] will remain latenttwo remains to be explained. It is thus conceivable around this issue of the different mechanisms in psychosis and neurosis that a [[subject]] may have a [[psychotic]] [[structure]] and yet never develop [[delusions]] or experience [[hallucination]]Lacan's. When both conditions are fulfilled, major contribution to the [[psychosis]] is "triggered off," the latent [[study of psychosis]] becomes manifest in [[hallucination]]s and/or [[delusions]]revolves. -->

<!Freud claims that in both neurosis and psychosis there is a [[withdrawal]] of investment, or [[object]]-- ==Borromean Knot== --><!-- In [[cathexis]], from [[objects]] in the 1970s [[Lacanworld]] reformulates his approach to . In the [[psychosiscase]] around of neurosis the notion of object-cathexis is retained, but is invested in fantasized objects in the neurotic's [[borromean knotinternal]]world. The three rings In the case of psychosis the withdrawn cathexis is invested in the ego at the expense of all object-[[knotcathexes]] represent the three , even in [[ordersfantasy]]: the . This turning of [[reallibido]], upon the ego accounts for [[symbolicsymptoms]] and the such as [[imaginaryhypochondria]]and megalomania. While in The delusional [[neurosissystem]] these three rings are linked together , the most striking feature of psychosis, arises in a particular way, in second [[psychosisstage]] they become disentangled. This Freud characterizes the [[psychoticconstruction]] disassociation may sometimes however be avoided of a delusional system as an attempt at recovery in which the psychotic re-establishes a new, often very intense, relation with the people and things in the world by way of a delusional [[sinthome|symptomaatic formation]] which acts as a fourth ring holding the other three together. -->

==SchreberJacques Lacan==In ===History===[[Lacan]] discussed [[psychosis]] throughout his [[Jacques Lacan:Bibliography|work]]. His interest in [[psychosis]] predates his interest in [[seminarpsychoanalysis]]. [[Jacques Lacan]] on studied [[psychosis]] (for his doctoral research about a [[woman]] he calls "[[Aimee]]."<ref>{{Y1932}}|1955-6</ref> Indeed it was his doctoral research, which concerned a [[psychotic]] [[woman]] whom [[Lacan]] calls [[Aimée]]) that first led [[Lacan]] tackled to [[psychoanalytic theory]].<ref>{{1932}}</ref> It is common to compare [[FreudLacan]]'s case history tortured and at [[times]] almost incomprehensible style of [[Judge Schrberwriting]], a and speaking to the discourse of [[psychotic]] [[patient]]s. [[paranoidLacan]] 's discussions of [[schizophrenicpsychosis]] who wrote a fascinating account are among the most significant and original aspects of his illnesss entitled ''Memoirs of My Nervous Illness'' (1903)[[work]]. [[Lacan]]'s essay "On a question preliminary to any possible treatment most detailed [[discussion]] of [[psychosis (1957]] appears in his [[seminar]] of 1955-8)6, entitled simply ''[[Seminar III|The Psychoses]]' enlarged on '. It is here that he expounds what come to be the ideas main tenets of this the [[Lacan]]ian approach to [[seminarmadness]].

==Treatment=The Psychotic Relation to Reality===In his articles on [[psychosis]] [[Freud]] was skeptical about noted the possibility [[psychotic]]'s altered relation to [[reality]]. The 'imaginary [[external]] world' of practising a psychosis attempts to put itself in [[psychoanalysisplace]] with of the 'external world'. (In Lacanian [[terms]], there are altered relations between [[psychoticthe Imaginary]] and Real Orders, in parallel with an alteration in [[patientsthe Symbolic]]Order).

In studying [[Lacanpsychosis]] follows Lacan stated, following [[Freud]] , that "the problem lies not in arguing the reality that while is lost, but in that which takes its place."<ref>{{E}} p. 188-9</ref> Lacan emphasized the 'rent' or [[psychosisgap]] is that appears in the relation of the psychotic subject to the world, and the nature of great interest for the 'patch' which the psychotic subject applies over this gap.<!-- ====Psychotic Phenomena==== --><!-- In [[Lacan]]ian [[psychoanalytic theorypsychoanalysis]], it is outside the field of the classical method of important to distinguish between [[psychoanalytic treatmentpsychosis]], which is only appropriate for a [[clinical structure]], and [[psychotic]] phenomena such as [[delusions]] and [[hallucinations]]. Two [[neurosisconditions]]; "are required for psychotic phenomena to use emerge: the technique that [[Freudsubject]] must have a [[psychotic]] [[structure]] established outside , and the experience [[Name-of-the-Father]] must be "called into symbolic opposition to which it was applied (ithe subject.e"<ref>{{E}} p. neurosis) is as stupid as to toil at 217</ref> In the oars when [[absence]] of the ship is on first condition, no confrontation with the sandpaternal signifier will ever lead to psychotic phenomena; a [[neurotic]] can never "become psychotic."<ref>{{ES3}} p. 22115</ref> In the [[absence]] of the second condition, the [[psychotic]] [[structure]] will remain [[latent]]. It is thus conceivable that a [[subject]] may have a [[psychotic]] [[structure]] and yet never develop [[delusions]] or [[experience]] [[hallucination]]s. When both conditions are fulfilled, the [[psychosis]] is "triggered off," the latent [[psychosis]] becomes [[manifest]] in [[hallucination]]s and/or [[delusions]]. --><!-- ==[[Borromean Knot]]== --><!-- In the 1970s [[Lacan]] reformulates his approach to [[psychosis]] around the [[notion]] of the [[borromean knot]]. The three rings in the [[knot]] [[represent]] the three [[orders]]: the [[real]], the [[symbolic]] and the [[imaginary]]. While in [[neurosis]] these three rings are linked together in a particular way, in [[psychosis]] they become disentangled. This [[psychotic]] disassociation may sometimes however be avoided by a [[sinthome|symptomaatic formation]] which [[acts]] as a fourth ring holding the [[other]] three together. -->

<!-- Not only is the classical method of ===Schreber===In his [[psychoanalytic treatmentseminar]] inappropriate for on [[psychotic]] [[subject]]s, but it is even contraindicated. For example [[Lacan]] points out that the technique of [[psychoanalysispsychosis]], which involves the use of the couch and ([[free association]], can easily trigger off a latent [[psychosis]].<ref>{{S3Y}} p. 15</ref> This is the reason why [[Lacan|1955-6]]ian ) [[analystLacan]]s usually follow tackled [[Freud]]'s recommendation to begin the case [[treatmenthistory]] of a new [[patientJudge Schreber]] with , a series of face-to-face interviews.<ref>{{F}} p.1913c. [[SEparanoid]] XII. 123-4</ref> Only when the [[analystschizophrenic]] is reasonably sure that the who wrote a fascinating account of his illnesss entitled ''Memoirs of My Nervous [[patientIllness]] is not [[psychotic]] will '' (1903). Lacan's essay "On a question preliminary to any possible treatment of psychosis (1957-8)' enlarged on the [[patientideas]] be asked to lie down on the couch and of this [[free association|free associateseminar]]. -->

This does not mean that Lacanian analysts do not work with ===Treatment===[[psychoticFreud]] [[patient]]s. On was skeptical about the contrary, much work has been done by possibility of practising [[Lacanianpsychoanalysis]] with [[analystpsychotic]]s in the [[treatmentpatients]] of . [[psychosisLacan]]. However, the method of follows [[treatmentFreud]] differs substantially from in arguing that used with while [[neuroticpsychosis]] and is of great interest for [[perversepsychoanalytic theory]] , it is [[patientoutside]]s. the field of the classical method of [[Lacanpsychoanalytic treatment]] himself works with , which is only appropriate for [[psychoticneurosis]] ; "to use the [[patienttechnique]]s but left very few comments on the technique he employed; rather than setting out a technical procedure for working with that [[psychosisFreud]], he limited himself established outside the experience to which it was applied (i.e. neurosis) is as stupid as to discussing toil at the oars when the ship is on the questions preliminary to any such worksand."<ref>{{LE}} p. 1957-8b221</ref>

<!-- [[Lacan]] rejects the approach ===The Relation of those who limit their analysis of [[psychosis]] to the [[imaginary order]]; "nothing is Subject to be expected from his Speech===Lacan asserted that the way psychosis is explored at the level of the [[imaginary]], since the imaginary mechanism is what gives psychotic alienation its form, but not its dynamics."<ref>{{S3}} p. 146</ref> It is only by focusing on the [[symbolic order]] that [[Lacan]] is able failure to point to the fundamental determining element take account of [[psychosis]], namely, the hole in the [[symbolic]] [[order]] caused by [[foreclosure]] and the consequent "imprisonment" relation of the psychotic subject to his speech had resulted in the imaginary. It is also this emphasis on the [[symbolic order]] which leads [[Lacan]] a failure to value above all the linguistic phenomena in [[psychosisunderstand]]: "the importance given to language psychotic phenomena in psychosis is for us the msot fruitful lesson of all."<ref>{{S3}} p. 144</ref> -->

<!-- ====Language Disorders====--><!-- The [[language]] phenomena most notable in [[psychosis]] are ''disorders'' of [[language]], and [[Lacan]] argues that the [[presence]] of such disorders is a necessary condition for a diagnosis of [[psychosis]].<ref>{{S3}} p. 92</ref> Among the psychotic language disorders which Lacan draws attention to are holophrases and the extensive use of neologisms (which may be completely new [[words ]] coined by the psychotic, or already existing words which the psychotic redefines).<ref>{{Ec}} p. 167</ref> In [[{{Y}}|1956]], [[Lacan]] attributes these [[language]] disorders to the [[psychotic]]'s [[lack]] of a sufficient [[number ]] of ''[[points de capiton]]''.--> <!-- The lack of sufficient ''[[points de capiton]]'' means that the psychotic experience is characterized by a constant [[slippage ]] of the [[signified ]] under the signifier, which is a disaster for [[signification]]; there is a continual "cascade of reshapings of the signifier fromw hich the increasing disaster of the imaginary proceeds, until the level is reached at which signifier and signified are stablized in the delusional [[metaphor]]."<ref>{{E}} p. 217</ref> [[Another ]] way of describing this is as "a [[relationship ]] between the subject and the signifier in its most [[formal ]] [[dimension]], in its dimension as a pure signifier."<ref>{{S3}} p. 250</ref> This relationship of the subject to the signifier in its purely formal aspect constitutes "the nucleus of psychosis."<ref>{{S3}} p.250</ref> "If the neurotic inhabits language, the psychotic is inhabited, possessed, by language."<ref>{{S3}} p. 250</ref> -->