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One of the most distinctive features of [[Lacanian psychoanalysis]] is [[Lacan]]'s approach to questions of [[time]].
Broadly [[speaking]], [[Lacan]]'s approach is characterised characterized by two important innovations: the [[concept ]] of [[logical time]], and the stress on [[retroaction]] and [[anticipation]]. == Logical time == In his paper entitled '[[Logical time]]' .<ref>1945</ref>, [[Lacan]] undermines the pretensions of [[logic]] to [[timelessness]] and [[eternity]] by showing how certain logical calculations include an inescapable reference to a [[temporality]]. However, the kind of [[temporality]] involved is not specificiable by reference to the clock, but is itself the product of certain logical articulations.
===Tripartite Structure===
The fact that [[logical time]] is not [[objective]] does not mean that it is simply a question of [[subjective]] [[feeling]]; on the contrary, as the adjective "[[logical]]" indicates, it is a precise [[dialectical]] [[structure]] which may be formulated rigorously in [[mathematical]] [[terms]]. In the 1945 paper, [[Lacan]] argues that [[logical time]] has a [[tripartite]] [[structure]], the [[three]] moments of which are:
# the instant of [[seeing]];
# the time for [[understanding]];
# the moment of concluding.
By means of a sophism, (the problem of the [[three prisoners]], ) [[Lacan]] shows how these three moments are constructed not in terms of objective chronometric units but in terms of an [[intersubjective]] [[logic]] based on a tension between waiting and haste, between [[hesitation]] and u[[rgency]]urgency. [[Logical time]] is thus "the [[intersubjective]] [[time]] that [[structure]]s [[human]] [[action]]."<ref>{{E}} p.75</ref> [[Lacan]]'s notion of [[logical time]] is not just an exercise in logic; it also has practical consequences for psychoanalytic treatment. The most famous of these consequences, historically speaking, has been [[Lacan]]'s use of [[sessions of variable duration]] ([[French]]: sÈances scandÈes</ref>, which was regarded by the [[International Psycho-Analytical Association]] ([[IPA]]) as sufficient grounds for excluding him from membership. However, to focus exclusively on this particular [[practice]] is to miss various other interesting clinical dimensions of the theory of [[logical time]], such as the way in which [[Lacan]]'s concept of "[[the time for understanding]]" can throw light on the [[Freud]]ian concept of [[working-through]].<ref>See Forrester, 1990: ch. 8.</ref> [[Lacan]]'s concept of [[logical time]] anticipates his incursions into [[Saussure]]an [[linguistics]], which is based on the distinction between the [[diachronic]] (or temporal) and the [[synchronic]] (atemporal) aspects of [[language]]. Hence [[Lacan]]'s increasing stress, beginning in the 1950s, on [[synchronic]] or [[timeless]] [[structure]]s rather than on [[developmental]] '[[stages]]'. Thus when [[Lacan]] uses the term '[[time]]', it is usually to be understood not as a fleeting [[diachronic]] moment but as a [[structure]], a relatively [[stable]] [[synchronic]] [[state]].
===Saussurean Linguistics===[[ChangeLacan]] 's concept of [[logical time]] anticipates his incursions into [[Saussure]]an [[linguistics]], which is based on the distinction between the [[diachronic]] (or temporal) and the [[synchronic]] ([[time|atemporal]]) aspects of [[language]]. Hence [[Lacan]]'s increasing stress, beginning in the 1950s, on [[synchronic]] or [[timeless]] [[structure]]s rather than on [[developmental]] "[[stages]]". Thus when [[Lacan]] uses the term "[[time]]", it is usually to be [[understood]] not seen as a gradual or smooth move along a continuum, fleeting [[diachronic]] moment but as an abrupt shift from one discrete a [[structure]] to another, a relatively [[stable]] [[synchronic]] [[state]].
Similarly, when he speaks of "the three [[times]] of the [[Oedipus complex]]," the ordering is one of [[logical]] priority rather than of a [[chronological]] sequence. [[Change]] is not seen as a gradual or smooth move along a continuum, but as an abrupt shift from one discrete [[structure]] to [[another]]. [[Lacan]]'s emphasis on [[synchronic]] or [[timeless]] [[structure]]s can be seen as an attempt to explore [[Freud]]'s [[statement ]] [[about ]] the non-[[existence]] of [[time]] in the [[unconscious]]. However, [[Lacan]] modifies this with his proposal, in 1964, that the [[unconscious]] be characterized in terms of a [[temporal]] movement of opening and closing.<ref>{{S11}} p. 143, 204</ref>
====Retroaction and anticipation====Other forms of [[psychoanalysisLacan]]'s term ''[[time|après coup]]'' is the term used by [[French]] [[analysts]] to translate [[Freud]]'s ''[[Nachträglichkeit]]'' ("[[time|deferred action]]"). These terms refer to the way that, in the [[psyche]], [[present]] [[event]]s [[affect]] [[past]]events a posteriori, such since the [[past]] [[exist]]s in the [[psyche]] only as a set of [[ego-psychologymemories]] which are based on a linear concept constantly [[being]] re[[work]]ed and [[reinterpreted]] in the light of [[timepresent]] [[experience]]. What concerns [[psychoanalysis]] is not the [[real]] [[past]] (as can be seen, for examplesequence of events in themselves, but the way that these events [[exist]] now in their stress on a linear sequence [[memory]] and the way that the [[patient]] reports [[them]]. Thus when [[Lacan]] argues that the [[aim]] of [[developmentpsychoanalytic treatment]]al is 'the [[stagecomplete]]reconstitution of the [[subject]]'s through which [[history]],"<ref>{{S1}} p.12</ref> he makes it clear that what he means by the term "[[childhistory]] " is not simply a real sequence of [[naturallypast]] passes; see events, but "the present [[developmentsynthesis]])of the past."<ref>{{S1}} p.36</ref>
<blockquote>"[[LacanHistory]], however, completely abandons such a linear notion of is not the past. [[timeHistory]], since in is the [[psychepast]] inso far as it is [[timehistoricised]] can equally well act in reverse, by the [[retroaction]] and [[anticipationpresent]]."<ref>{{S1}} p. 12</ref></blockquote>
=====Anticipation=====If [[Lacanretroaction]] refers to the way the [[present]] affects the [[past]], [[anticipation]] refers to the way the [[future]] affects the [[present]]. Like [[retroaction]], [[anticipation]] marks the [[structure]] of [[speech]]; the first [[word]]'s term ''of a [[après coupsentence]] are ordered in [[anticipation]] of the [[word]]s to come.<ref>{{E}} p. 303</ref> In the [[mirror stage]], the [[ego]]'' is [[construct]]ed on the basis of the term used [[anticipation]] of an imagined [[future]] [[wholeness]] which never, in fact, arrives. The [[structure]] of [[anticipation]] is best illustrated [[linguistically]] by the future-perfect tense.<ref>{{E}} p. 306</ref> [[FrenchAnticipation]] also plays an important [[analystsrole]] to translate in the [[tripartite]] [[structure]] of [[logical time]]; the moment of concluding "is arrived at in haste, in [[Freudanticipation]]'s of [[Nachtr‰glichkeitfuture]] ('[[deferred actioncertainty]]')."<ref>{{Ec}} p. 209</ref>
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