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==Anthropology==
[[Lacan]]'s concept of [[speech]] as a "symbolic exchange" which "links human beings to each other'" <ref>{{SlS1}} p.142</ref> is clearly influenced by the work of Mauss and [[Lévi-Strauss]], especially their analysis of the exchange of gifts.
Thus [[Freud]]'s interpretations are described as "a symbolic gift of speech, pregnant with a secret pact."<ref>{{E}} p.79</ref>
In 1954, [[Lacan]] discusses speech with reference to St Augustine's De locutionis significatione <ref>{{S1}} p.247-60</ref>
Like the words uttered by God in Genesis, [[speech]] is a "symbolic invocation" which creates, ex nihilo, "a new order of being in the relations between men."<ref>{{Sl, S1}} p. 239}}</ref>
[[Full speech]] and [[empty speech]] are the extreme points on a continuum, and "between these two extremes, a whole gamut of modes of realisation of speech is deployed."<ref>{{S1}} p.50</ref>
The [[end of analysis|aim ]] of [[psychoanalytic treatment]] is to articulate [[speech|full speech]], which is hard work; [[speech|full speech]] can be quite laborious (''pénible'') to articulate <ref>{{E}} p.253</ref>
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