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Speech

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"[[speech]]" ([[Fr]]. ''[[{{Top}}parole]]'')){{Bottom}}
====Translation=========''Parole''=====The [[French]] term ''[[parole]]'' presents considerable difficulty to the [[English ]] translator because it does not correspond to any one [[English ]] [[word]].
In some contexts it corresponds to the [[English ]] term "[[speech]]," and in [[others ]] is best translated as "[[word]]."
--====Jacques Lacan====''[[Parole]]'' becomes one of the most important [[terms]] in [[Lacan]]'s [[work]] from the early 1950s on.
"[[Parole]]" becomes one of the most important terms in [[Lacan]]'s work from the early 1950s on. =====Psychoanalysis=====In his famous "[[Rome Discourse]]," [[Lacan]] denounces the way that the [[role ]] of [[speech ]] in [[psychoanalysis ]] had come to be neglected by contemporary [[psychoanalytic theory]], and argues for a renewed focus on [[speech]] and [[language]].<ref>{{L}} . "[[Works of Jacques Lacan|Fonction et champ de la parole et du langage en psychanalyse]]," 1953a, in {{E}} p.237-322. ["[[The Function and Field of Speech and Language in Psychoanalysis]]," in {{E}}. p. 30-113]</ref>
====Influences====
[[Lacan]]'s use of the term ''[[parole]]'' owes little to [[Saussure]] -- whose opposition between ''[[parole]]'' and ''[[langue]]'' is replaced in [[Lacan]]'s work with the opposition between ''[[parole]]'' and ''[[langage]]'' -- and is far more determined by references to [[anthropology]], [[theology]], and [[metaphysics]].
=====Anthropology=====
[[Lacan]]'s [[concept]] of [[speech]] as a "symbolic [[exchange]]" which "[[links]] [[human]] beings to each [[other]]'" <ref>{{S1}} p. 142</ref> is clearly influenced by the work of [[Anthropology|Mauss]] and [[Lévi-Strauss]], especially their [[analysis]] of the [[Anthropology|exchange of gifts]].
==Anthropology== Thus [[LacanFreud]]'s concept of [[speech]] as a "symbolic exchange" which "links human beings to each other'" <ref>{{Sl}} p.142</ref> is clearly influenced by the work of Mauss and [[Lévi-Straussinterpretation]], especially their analysis of the exchange of gifts.  Thus [[Freud]]'s interpretations are described as "a symbolic [[gift ]] of speech, pregnant with a [[secret ]] pact."<ref>{{E}} p.79</ref>
The concept of [[speech]] as a pact which assigns roles to both the addressee and the addresser is formulated in [[Lacan]]'s concept of [[founding speech]].
=====Theology=====[[Speech ]] also takes on [[religion|religious ]] and [[religion|theological ]] connotations in [[Lacan]]'s work, in terms derived both from [[religion|Eastern religions religion]]s<ref>{{E}} p.106-7</ref> and the [[Judaism|Judaeo]]-[[Christianity|Christian tradition <ref>{{E}} p.106</ref>  In 1954, ]] [[Lacanreligion|tradition]] discusses speech with reference to St Augustine's De locutionis significatione .<ref>{{S1E}} p.247-60106</ref>
Like the words uttered by God in GenesisIn 1954, [[Lacan]] discusses [[speech]] is a "symbolic invocation" which creates, ex nihilo, "a new order of being in the relations between menwith reference to [[St Augustine]]'s ''[[St Augustine|De locutionis signification]]e''."<ref>{{Sl, 239S1}}p. 247-60</ref>
Like the [[words]] uttered by [[Religion|God]] in [[Religion|Genesis]], [[speech]] is a "[[symbolic|symbolic invocation]]" which creates, ''ex nihilo'', "a new [[order]] of [[being]] in the relations between men."<ref>{{S1}} p. 239</ref>
=====Metaphysics== === [[Lacan]] draws on [[Heidegger]]'s [[distinction ]] between ''[[speech|Rede]]'' (''[[speech|discourse]]'') and ''[[speech|Gerede]]'' (''[[speech|chatter]]'') to elaborate his own distinction between "[[speech|full speech]]" (''[[speech|parole pleine]]'') and "[[speech|empty speech]]" (''[[speech|parole vide]]'').<ref>{{E}} p.40ff</ref>
[[Lacan]] first makes this distinction in 1953, and though it no longer plays an important part in his work after 1955, it never [[disappears ]] completely.
=====Symbolic and Imaginary [[Dimension]]===== [[speech|Full speech]] articulates the [[symbolic ]] dimension of [[language]], whereas [[empty speech]] articulates the [[imaginary ]] dimension of [[language]], the [[speech]] from the [[ego]] to the [[counterpart]].
<blockquote>"[[Full ]] speech is a speech full of [[meaning ]] [sens]. Empty speech is a speech which has only [[signification]]."<ref>{{LacanL}} [[Seminar XXIV|Le Séminaire. Livre XXIV. L'insu que sait de l'une bévue s'aile à mourre, 1976--7; 77]]'', published in ''[[Ornicar?]]'', nos 17/12-18: , 1977-9. p. 11}}</ref></blockquote>
---=====Truth of Desire=====[[Speech|Full speech]] is also called "[[speech|true speech]]," since it is closer to the enigmatic [[truth]] of the [[subject]]'s [[desire]]:
[[<blockquote>"Full speech]] is also called "true speechwhich aims at, which forms," since the truth such as it is closer to becomes established in the enigmatic [[truthrecognition]] of the one person by [[subjectanother]]. Full speech is speech which performs ['s 'qui fait [[desireacte]]: '']."<ref>{{S1}} p. 107</ref></blockquote>
<blockquote>"Full speech is speech which aims at, which formsin effect, the truth such as it becomes established in the recognition of one person is defined by another. Full speech is speech its [[identity]] with that which performs it speaks [[''qui fait acte''about]]."<ref>{{S1Ec}} p.107381</ref></blockquote>
<blockquote>"Full In [[speech|empty speech]], in effecton the other hand, the [[subject]] is defined by its identity [[alienated]] from his [[desire]]; in [[speech|empty speech]] "the subject seems to be talking in vain about someone who . . . can never become one with that which it speaks aboutthe assumption of his desire."<ref>{{EcE}} p.38145</ref></blockquote>
---=====Analytic Treatment=====One of the [[analyst]]'s tasks when [[listening]] to the [[analysand]] is to discern the moments when [[speech|full speech]] emerges.
In [[empty speech|Full speech]], on the other hand, the and [[subjectspeech|empty speech]] is are the extreme points on a continuum, and "between these two extremes, a [[alienatedwhole]] from his [[desire]]; in [[empty gamut of modes of realisation of speech]] "the subject seems to be talking in vain about someone who . . . can never become one with the assumption of his desireis deployed."<ref>{{ES1}} p.4550</ref>
One The [[end of analysis|aim]] of the [[analystpsychoanalytic treatment]]'s tasks when listening is to the analysand articulate [[speech|full speech]], which is to discern the moments when hard work; [[speech|full speech]] emergescan be quite laborious (''pénible'') to articulate.<ref>{{E}} p. 253</ref>
=====Desire and Speech=====[[Full Speech|Empty speech]] and is not the same as [[empty speechtruth|lying]] are ; on the extreme points on a continuumcontrary, and "between these two extremes, a whole gamut of modes of realisation of speech is deployed[[truth|lies]] often reveal the [[truth]] about [[desire]] more fully than many [[truth|honest]] [[statement]]s."<ref>{{S1S11}} p.50139-40</ref>
The [[aim of psychoanalytic treatment]] It is never possible to articulate in [[speech|full speech]], which is hard work; the whole [[speech|full speechtruth]] can be quite laborious (of one''pénible'') to articulate s [[desire]] because of a fundamental "incompatibility between desire and speech."<ref>{{E}} p.253275</ref>.
--<blockquote>"I always tell the truth; not the whole truth, because we are not capable of telling it all. Telling it all is materially [[impossible]]."<ref>{{TV}} p.9</ref></blockquote>
[[Speech|Empty Full speech]] , then, is not the same as articulation in [[truth|lyingspeech]]; on of the contrary, whole [[truth|lies]] often reveal about the [[truthsubject]] about 's [[desire]] more , but the [[speech]] which articulates this truth as fully than many as possible at a [[truth|honestparticular]] [[statementtime]]s.<ref>{{S11}} p.139-40</ref>
It is never possible to articulate in [[speech]] the whole [[truth]] of one's [[desire,]] because of a fundamental "incompatibility between desire and speech."<ref>{{E}} p.275}}</ref>.
 
<blockquote>"I always tell the truth; not the whole truth, because we are not capable of telling it all. Telling it all is materially impossible."<ref>{{L}} 1973a: 9}}</ref></blockquote>
 
[[Speech|Full speech]], then, is not the articulation in [[speech]] of the whole [[truth]] about the [[subject]]'s [[desire]], but the [[speech]] which articulates this truth as fully as possible at a particular [[time]].
 
--
[[Speech]] is the only means of access to the [[truth]] about [[desire]].
<blockquote>"Speech alone is the key to that truth."<ref>{{E}} p.172}}</ref></blockquote>
Moreover, [[psychoanalytic theory]] claims that it is only a particular kind of [[speech]] that leads to this [[truth]]; a [[speech]] without [[conscious]] [[master|control]], known as [[free association]].
speech 18, 126-7, 129, 133, 149, 188, 198, 228, 245, 269, 271, 278 ====See Also===={{See}}* [[Seminar XICommunication]]* [[Desire]]||* [[Enunciation]]* [[Intersubjectivity]]||* [[Language]]* [[Religion]]||* [[Subject]]* [[Truth]]||* [[Treatment]]* [[Unconscious]]{{Also}}
 ==== References ====<div style="font-size:11px" class="references-small">
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[[Category:Psychoanalysis]][[Category:Jacques Lacan]][[Category:Symbolic]][[Category:Language]][[Category:Dictionary]][[Category:Concepts]]
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