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====Translation=========''Parole''=====The [[French]] term ''[[parole]]'' presents considerable difficulty to the [[English ]] translator because it does not correspond to any one [[English ]] [[word]].
In some contexts it corresponds to the [[English ]] term "[[speech]]," and in [[others ]] is best translated as "[[word]]."
====Influences====
[[Lacan]]'s use of the term ''[[parole]]'' owes little to [[Saussure]] -- whose opposition between ''[[parole]]'' and ''[[langue]]'' is replaced in [[Lacan]]'s work with the opposition between ''[[parole]]'' and ''[[langage]]'' -- and is far more determined by references to [[anthropology]], [[theology]], and [[metaphysics]].
=====Anthropology=====
[[Lacan]]'s [[concept]] of [[speech]] as a "symbolic [[exchange]]" which "[[links]] [[human]] beings to each [[other]]'" <ref>{{S1}} p. 142</ref> is clearly influenced by the work of [[Anthropology|Mauss]] and [[Lévi-Strauss]], especially their [[analysis]] of the [[Anthropology|exchange of gifts]].
The concept of [[speech]] as a pact which assigns roles to both the addressee and the addresser is formulated in [[Lacan]]'s concept of [[founding speech]].
=====Theology=====[[Speech ]] also takes on [[religion|religious ]] and [[religion|theological ]] connotations in [[Lacan]]'s work, in terms derived both from [[religion|Eastern religions religion]]s<ref>{{E}} p.106-7</ref> and the Judaeo-Christian tradition <ref>{{E}} p.106</ref> In 1954, [[LacanJudaism|Judaeo]] discusses speech with reference to St Augustine's De locutionis significatione <ref>{{S1}} p.247-60</ref> Like the words uttered by God in Genesis, [[speechChristianity|Christian]] is a "symbolic invocation" which creates, ex nihilo, "a new order of being in the relations between men."<ref>{{S1}} p. 239}}</ref> ==Metaphysics== [[Lacan]] draws on Heidegger's distinction between ''Rede'' (''discourse'') and ''Gerede'' (''chatter'') to elaborate his own distinction between "[[full speechreligion|tradition]]" (''parole pleine'') and "empty speech" (''parole vide'').<ref>{{E}} p.40ff106</ref>
In 1954, [[Lacan]] first makes this distinction in 1953, and though it no longer plays an important part in his work after 1955, it never disappears completelydiscusses [[speech]] with reference to [[St Augustine]]'s ''[[St Augustine|De locutionis signification]]e''.<ref>{{S1}} p. 247-60</ref>
Like the [[Full speechwords]] articulates the symbolic dimension of language, whereas uttered by [[empty speechReligion|God]] articulates the imaginary dimension of in [[languageReligion|Genesis]], the [[speech]] from the is a "[[symbolic|symbolic invocation]]" which creates, ''ex nihilo'', "a new [[egoorder]] to the of [[counterpartbeing]]in the relations between men."<ref>{{S1}} p. 239</ref>
=====Symbolic and Imaginary [[Dimension]]===== [[speech|Full speech]] is also called "true articulates the [[symbolic]] dimension of [[language]], whereas [[empty speech]] articulates the [[imaginary]] dimension of [[language]]," since it is closer to the enigmatic [[truthspeech]] of from the [[subjectego]]'s to the [[desirecounterpart]]: .
<blockquote>"[[Full ]] speech is a speech which aims at, which forms, the truth such as it becomes established in the recognition full of one person by another[[meaning]] [sens]. Full Empty speech is a speech which performs has only [''qui fait acte''[signification]]."<ref>{{S1L}} [[Seminar XXIV|Le Séminaire. Livre XXIV. L'insu que sait de l'une bévue s'aile à mourre, 1976-77]]'', published in ''[[Ornicar?]]'', nos 12-18, 1977-9. p.10711</ref></blockquote>
=====Analytic Treatment=====One of the [[analyst]]'s tasks when [[Full speechlistening]] and to the [[empty speechanalysand]] are is to discern the extreme points on a continuum, and "between these two extremes, a whole gamut of modes of realisation of moments when [[speech|full speech is deployed."<ref>{{S1}} p]] emerges.50</ref>
=====Desire and Speech=====[[Speech|Empty speech]] is not the same as [[truth|lying]]; on the contrary, [[truth|lies]] often reveal the [[truth]] about [[desire]] more fully than many [[truth|honest]] [[statement]]s.<ref>{{S11}} p.139-40</ref>
It is never possible to articulate in [[speech]] the whole [[truth]] of one's [[desire,]] because of a fundamental "incompatibility between desire and speech."<ref>{{E}} p.275}}</ref>.
<blockquote>"I always tell the truth; not the whole truth, because we are not capable of telling it all. Telling it all is materially [[impossible]]."<ref>{{LTV}} 1973a: p.9}}</ref></blockquote>
[[Speech|Full speech]], then, is not the articulation in [[speech]] of the whole [[truth]] about the [[subject]]'s [[desire]], but the [[speech]] which articulates this truth as fully as possible at a [[particular ]] [[time]].
[[Speech]] is the only means of access to the [[truth]] about [[desire]].
<blockquote>"Speech alone is the key to that truth."<ref>{{E}} p.172}}</ref></blockquote>
Moreover, [[psychoanalytic theory]] claims that it is only a particular kind of [[speech]] that leads to this [[truth]]; a [[speech]] without [[conscious]] [[master|control]], known as [[free association]].
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[[Category:Psychoanalysis]]
[[Category:Jacques Lacan]]
[[Category:Symbolic]]
[[Category:Language]]
[[Category:Dictionary]]
[[Category:Concepts]]
[[Category:Terms]]
