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=====Jacques Lacan=====
The term "[[subject]]" is [[present ]] from the very earliest of [[Lacan]]'s [[psychoanalytic ]] writings,<ref>{{1932}}</ref> and from 1945 on it occupies a central part in [[Lacan]]'s [[work]].
This is a distinctive feature of [[Lacan]]'s work, since the term does not constitute part of [[Freud]]'s [[theoretical ]] [[vocabulary]], but is more associated with [[philosophical]], [[legal]] and [[linguistic]] [[discourse]]s.
=====Human Being=====
=====Three Kinds=====
In 1945, [[Lacan]] distinguishes between [[three ]] kinds of [[subject]].
# Firstly, there is the impersonal [[subject]], independent of the [[other]], the pure [[grammatical ]] [[subject]], the noetic [[subject]], the "it" of "it is known that."
# Secondly, there is the anonymous reciprocal [[subject]] who is completely equal to and substitutable for any other, and who recognises himself in equivalence with the other.
# Thirdly, there is the personal [[subject]], whose uniqueness is constituted by an act of [[self]]-[[affirmation]].<ref>{{Ec}} p.207-8</ref>
It is always this [[third ]] [[sense ]] of the [[subject]], the [[subject]] in his uniqueness, that constitutes the focus of [[Lacan]]'s work.
=====Subject and Ego=====
In 1953, [[Lacan]] establishes a [[distinction ]] between the [[subject]] and the [[ego]] which will remain one of the most fundamental distinctions throughout the rest of his work.
Whereas the [[ego]] is part of the [[imaginary order]], the [[subject]] is part of the [[symbolic]].
Thus the [[subject]] is not simply equivalent to a [[conscious]] sense of [[agency]], which is a mere [[illusion ]] produced by the [[ego]], but to the [[unconscious]]; [[Lacan]]'s "[[subject]]" is the [[subject]] of the [[unconscious]].
=====Sigmund Freud=====
[[Lacan]] argues that this distinction can be traced back to [[Freud]]:
<blockquote>"[Freud] wrote ''[[Das Ich ]] und [[das Es]]'' in [[order ]] to maintain this fundamental distinction between the [[true ]] [[subject of the unconscious ]] and the ego as constituted in its nucleus by a series of [[alienating ]] identifications.<ref>{{E}} p.128</ref></blockquote>
Although [[psychoanalytic treatment]] has powerful effects on the [[ego]], it is the [[subject]], and not the [[ego]], on which [[psychoanalysis]] primarily operates.
=====Alternative Meanings=====
[[Lacan]] plays on the various [[meanings ]] of the term "[[subject]]."
In [[linguistics]] and [[logic]], the [[subject]] of a proposition is that [[about ]] which something is predicated, and is also opposed to the "[[object]]."<ref>{{L}} "[[Works of Jacques Lacan|Proposition du 9 octobre 1967 sur le psychanalyste de l'École]]," 1967, ''[[Scilicet]]'', no. 1 ([[1968]]) p. 19</ref>
[[Lacan]] plays on the [[philosophical]] nuances of the latter term to emphasise that his [[concept ]] of the [[subject]] concerns those aspects of the [[human]] [[being]] that cannot (or must not) be objectified (reified, reduced to a [[thing]]), nor be studied in an '[[objective]]' way.
<blockquote>"What do we call a subject? Quite precisely, what in the [[development ]] of objectivation, is [[outside ]] of the object."<ref>{{S1}} p. 194</ref></blockquote>
=====Language=====
He distinguishes the [[subject]] of the [[statement]] from the [[subject]] of the [[enunciation]] to show that because the [[subject]] is essentially a [[speaking]] [[being]] (''[[parlêtre]]''), he is inescapably [[divided]], [[castrated]], [[split]].
In the early 1960s [[Lacan]] defines the [[subject]] as that which is represented by a [[signifier]] for [[another ]] [[signifier]]; in other [[words]], the [[subject]] is an effect of [[language]].<ref>{{Ec}} p. 835</ref>.
=====Philosophy and Law=====
Besides its [[place ]] in [[linguistics]] and [[logic]], the term "[[subject]]" also has [[philosophical]] and [[legal]] connotations.
In [[philosophical]] [[discourse]], it denotes an [[individual ]] [[consciousness|self-consciousness]], whereas in [[legal]] [[discourse]], it denotes a person who is under the [[power ]] of another (e.g. a person who is subject to the sovereign).
The fact that the term possesses both these meanings means that it perfectly illustrates [[Lacan]]'s [[thesis ]] about the determination of [[consciousness]] by the [[symbolic order]].
<blockquote>"The subject is a subject only by virtue of his subjection to the field of the Other."<ref>{{S2}} p. 188</ref></blockquote>
The term also functions in [[legal]] [[discourse]] to designate the support of [[action]]; the [[subject]] is one who can be held [[responsibility|responsible]] for his [[act]]s.
=====Descartes's ''Cogito''=====
The [[philosophical]] connotations of the term are particularly emphasised by [[Lacan]], who [[links ]] it with [[Descartes]]'s [[philosophy]] of the ''[[cogito]]'':
<blockquote>in the term ''subject'' . . . I am not designating the [[living ]] substratum needed by this phenomenon of the subject, nor any sort of substance, nor any being possessing [[knowledge ]] in his pathos . . . nor even some incarnated [[logos]], but the [[Cartesian ]] subject, who appears at the [[moment ]] when [[doubt ]] is recognised as [[certainty]].<ref>{{S11}} p. 126</ref></blockquote>
=====Subject of the Unconscious=====
=====References=====
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[[Category:Jacques Lacan]]
