subject ({{Top}}[[sujet) The term 'subject' is present from the very earliest of]]{{Bottom}}
=====Jacques Lacan=====The term "[[subject]]" is [[present]] from the very earliest of [[Lacan]]'s [[psychoanalytic ]] writings (see Lacan, <ref>{{1932), }}</ref> and from 1945 on itoccupies a central part in [[Lacan]]'s [[work]].
occupies This is a central part in distinctive feature of [[Lacan]]'s work, since the term does not constitute part of [[Freud]]'s [[theoretical]] [[vocabulary]], but is more associated with [[philosophical]], [[legal]] and [[linguistic]] [[discourse]]s. This is a distinctive feature of
=====Human Being=====In [[Lacan]]'s workpre-war papers, since the term does not constitute part of Freud's theoretical"[[subject]]" seems to mean no more than "human being."<ref>{{Ec}} p. 75</ref>
vocabulary, but =====Analysand=====The term is more associated with philosophical, legal and linguisticalso used to refer to the [[analysand]].<ref>{{Ec}} p. 83</ref>
discourses=====Three Kinds=====In 1945, [[Lacan]] distinguishes between [[three]] kinds of [[subject]].
In Lacan's pre-war papers# Firstly, there is the term 'impersonal [[subject' seems to mean no more than]], independent of the [[other]], the pure [[grammatical]] [[subject]], the noetic [[subject]], the "it" of "it is known that."
'human being' (see Ec# Secondly, 75); there is the term anonymous reciprocal [[subject]] who is also used to refer completely equal to and substitutable for any other, and who recognises himself in equivalence with the analysand (Ec,other.
83)# Thirdly, there is the personal [[subject]], whose uniqueness is constituted by an act of [[self]]-[[affirmation]].<ref>{{Ec}} p.207-8</ref>
In 1945It is always this [[third]] [[sense]] of the [[subject]], the [[subject]] in his uniqueness, that constitutes the focus of [[Lacan distinguishes between three kinds of subject]]'s work. Firstly, there is
=====Subject and Ego=====In 1953, [[Lacan]] establishes a [[distinction]] between the impersonal [[subject, independent ]] and the [[ego]] which will remain one of the other, most fundamental distinctions throughout the pure grammatical subject,rest of his work.
Whereas the noetic subject[[ego]] is part of the [[imaginary order]], the 'it' [[subject]] is part of 'it is known thatthe [[symbolic]].' Secondly, there is the
anonymous reciprocal Thus the [[subject who ]] is completely equal not simply equivalent to and substitutablea [[conscious]] sense of [[agency]], which is a mere [[illusion]] produced by the [[ego]], but to the [[unconscious]]; [[Lacan]]'s "[[subject]]" is the [[subject]] of the [[unconscious]].
for any other, and who recognises himself in equivalence with the other.=====Sigmund Freud=====[[Lacan]] argues that this distinction can be traced back to [[Freud]]:
Thirdly, there is <blockquote>"[Freud] wrote ''[[Das Ich]] und [[das Es]]'' in [[order]] to maintain this fundamental distinction between the personal [[true]] [[subject, whose uniqueness is of the unconscious]] and the ego as constituted in its nucleus by ana series of [[alienating]] identifications.<ref>{{E}} p.128</ref></blockquote>
act of self-affirmation (EcAlthough [[psychoanalytic treatment]] has powerful effects on the [[ego]], 207-8). It it is always this third sense of the [[subject]],and not the [[ego]], on which [[psychoanalysis]] primarily operates.
=====Alternative Meanings=====[[Lacan]] plays on the various [[meanings]] of the term "[[subject in his uniqueness, that constitutes the focus of Lacan's work]]."
In 1953[[linguistics]] and [[logic]], Lacan establishes a distinction between the [[subject ]] of a proposition is that [[about]] which something is predicated, and is also opposed to the EGO"[[object]]."<ref>{{L}} "[[Works of Jacques Lacan|Proposition du 9 octobre 1967 sur le psychanalyste de l'École]]," 1967, ''[[Scilicet]]'', no. 1 ([[1968]]) p. 19</ref>
which will remain one [[Lacan]] plays on the [[philosophical]] nuances of the latter term to emphasise that his [[concept]] of the most fundamental distinctions throughout [[subject]] concerns those aspects of the[[human]] [[being]] that cannot (or must not) be objectified (reified, reduced to a [[thing]]), nor be studied in an '[[objective]]' way.
rest <blockquote>"What do we call a subject? Quite precisely, what in the [[development]] of his work. Whereas the ego objectivation, is part [[outside]] of the imaginary order, the subject isobject."<ref>{{S1}} p. 194</ref></blockquote>
part =====Language=====References to [[language]] come to dominate [[Lacan]]'s concept of the symbolic[[subject]] from the mid-1950s on. Thus the subject is not simply equivalent to a conscious
sense He distinguishes the [[subject]] of the [[statement]] from the [[subject]] of agencythe [[enunciation]] to show that because the [[subject]] is essentially a [[speaking]] [[being]] (''[[parlêtre]]''), which he is a mere illusion produced by the egoinescapably [[divided]], [[castrated]], but to the[[split]].
unconscious; In the early 1960s [[Lacan's ']] defines the [[subject' ]] as that which is represented by a [[signifier]] for [[another]] [[signifier]]; in other [[words]], the [[subject ]] is an effect of the unconscious[[language]].<ref>{{Ec}} p. 835</ref>. Lacan argues
that this distinction can be traced back to Freud: '=====Philosophy and Law=====Besides its [Freud[place]] in [[linguistics]] and [[logic]], the term "[[subject]]" also has [[philosophical]] and [[legal]] wrote Das Ich undconnotations.
das Es In [[philosophical]] [[discourse]], it denotes an [[individual]] [[consciousness|self-consciousness]], whereas in order [[legal]] [[discourse]], it denotes a person who is under the [[power]] of another (e.g. a person who is subject to maintain this fundamental distinction between the truesovereign).
subject of The fact that the unconscious and term possesses both these meanings means that it perfectly illustrates [[Lacan]]'s [[thesis]] about the ego as constituted in its nucleus determination of [[consciousness]] by athe [[symbolic order]].
series <blockquote>"The subject is a subject only by virtue of alienating identifications' (E, 128)his subjection to the field of the Other."<ref>{{S2}} p. Although psychoanalytic treat-188</ref></blockquote>
ment has powerful effects on The term also functions in [[legal]] [[discourse]] to designate the ego, it is support of [[action]]; the [[subject, and not the ego, on]] is one who can be held [[responsibility|responsible]] for his [[act]]s.
which psychoanalysis primarily operates.=====Descartes's ''Cogito''=====The [[philosophical]] connotations of the term are particularly emphasised by [[Lacan]], who [[links]] it with [[Descartes]]'s [[philosophy]] of the ''[[cogito]]'':
Lacan plays on the various meanings of <blockquote>in the term ''subject'' . . . I am not designating the [[living]] substratum needed by this phenomenon of the subject, nor any sort of substance, nor any being possessing [[knowledge]] in his pathos . . . nor even some incarnated [[logos]], but the [[Cartesian]] subject, who appears at the [[moment]] when [[doubt]] is recognised as [[certainty]].<ref>{{S11}} p. In linguistics and126</ref></blockquote>
logic, =====Subject of the Unconscious=====The fact that the [[symbol]] of the [[subject ]], '''S''', is a homophone of a proposition is the [[Freud]]'s term ''[[Es]]'' ('[[Id]]') illustrates that about which something for [[Lacan]], the true [[subject]] is predicatedthe [[subject]] of the [[unconscious]].
(see In 1957 [[Lacan, 1967: 19), and is also opposed ]] strikes through this [[symbol]] to produce the [[symbol]] '''$''object', the "[[subject|barred subject]]," thus illustrating the fact that the [[subject]] is essentially [[divided]]. Lacan plays on the
philosophical nuances of the latter term to emphasise that his concept of the=====See Also====={{See}}* [[Analysand]]* ''[[Cogito]]''||* [[Enunciation]]* [[Ego]]||* [[Language]]* [[Law]]||* [[Linguistics]]* [[Philosophy]]||* [[Split]]* [[Statement]]||* [[Symbol]]* [[Unconscious]]{{Also}}
subject concerns those aspects of the human being that cannot (or must not) be objectified (reified, reduced to a thing), nor be studied in an 'objective' way. 'What do we call a subject'? Quite precisely, what in the development of objectivation, is outside of the object' (Sl, 194). =====References to language come to dominate Lacan's concept of the subject from the mid-1950s on. He distinguishes the subject of the statement from the subject of the ENUNCIATION to show that because the subject is essentially a speaking being (parlÍtre), he is inescapably divided, castrated, SPLIT. In the early 1960s Lacan defines the subject as that which is represented by a signifier for another signifier; in other words, the subject is an effect of language (Ec, 835). Besides its place in linguistics and logic, the term 'subject' also has philosophical and legal connotations. In philosophical discourse, it denotes an individual self-consciousness, whereas in legal discourse, it denotes a person who is under the power of another (e.g. a person who is subject to the sovereign). The fact that the term possesses both these meanings means that it perfectly illustrates Lacan's thesis about the determination of conscious- ness by the symbolic order; 'the subject is a subject only by virtue of his subjection to the field of the Other' (S2, 188, translation modified). The term also functions in legal discourse to designate the support of action; the subject is one who can be held responsible for his AcTs. The philosophical connotations of the term are particularly emphasised by Lacan, who links it with Descartes's philosophy of the COGITO: in the term subject . . . I am not designating the living substratum needed by this phenomenon of the subject, nor any sort of substance, nor any being possessing knowledge in his pathos . . . nor even some incarnated logos, but the Cartesian subject, who appears at the moment when doubt is recognised as certainty. (S11, 126) The fact that the symbol of the subject, S, is a homophone of the Freud's term Es (see ID) illustrates that for Lacan, the true subject is the subject of the unconscious. In 1957 Lacan strikes through this symbol to produce the symbol S, the 'barred subject', thus illustrating the fact that the subject is essentially divided. == def ===The term ‘subject’ is present from the very earliest of Lacan’s psychoanalytic writings, and from 1945 on it occupies a central part in Lacan’s work.This is a distinctive feature of Lacan’s work, since the term does not constitue part of Freud’s thoeretical vocabulary, but is more associated with philosopical, legal and linguistic discourses. == References <div style="font-size:11px" class="references-small">
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[[Category:Jacques Lacan]][[Category:Subject]]
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