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=====Jacques Lacan=====The term '"[[subject' ]]" is [[present ]] from the very earliest of [[Lacan]]'s [[psychoanalytic ]] writings (see Lacan, <ref>{{1932), }}</ref> and from 1945 on it occupies a central part in [[Lacan]]'s [[work. This is a distinctive feature of Lacan's work, since the term does not constitute part of Freud's theoretical vocabulary, but is more associated with philosophical, legal and linguistic discourses]].
=====Human Being=====In 1945, [[Lacan distinguishes between three kinds of subject. Firstly, there is the impersonal subject, independent of the other, the pure grammatical subject, the noetic subject, the ]]'it' of 'it is known that.' Secondlys pre-war papers, there is the anonymous reciprocal term "[[subject who is completely equal ]]" seems to and substitutable for any other, and who recognises himself in equivalence with the othermean no more than "human being."<ref>{{Ec}} p.75</ref>
=====Three Kinds=====In 19531945, [[Lacan establishes a distinction ]] distinguishes between the subject and the EGO which will remain one of the most fundamental distinctions throughout the rest of his work. Whereas the ego is part of the imaginary order, the subject is part of the symbolic. Thus the subject is not simply equivalent to a conscious sense of agency, which is a mere illusion produced by the ego, but to the unconscious; Lacan's 'subject' is the subject of the unconscious. Lacan argues that this distinction can be traced back to Freud: '[Freud[three]] wrote Das Ich und das Es in order to maintain this fundamental distinction between the true subject kinds of the unconscious and the ego as constituted in its nucleus by a series of alienating identifications' (E, 128). Although psychoanalytic treatment has powerful effects on the ego, it is the [[subject, and not the ego, on which psychoanalysis primarily operates]].
=====Sigmund Freud=====
[[Lacan]] argues that this distinction can be traced back to [[Freud]]:
<blockquote>"[Freud] wrote ''[[Das Ich]] und [[das Es]]'' in [[order]] to maintain this fundamental distinction between the [[true]] [[subject of the unconscious]] and the ego as constituted in its nucleus by a series of [[alienating]] identifications.<ref>{{E}} p.128</ref></blockquote>
Although [[psychoanalytic treatment]] has powerful effects on the [[ego]], it is the [[subject]], and not the [[ego]], on which [[psychoanalysis]] primarily operates.
== ===Alternative Meanings=====[[Lacan]] plays on the various [[meanings]] of the term "[[subject]]." In [[linguistics]] and [[logic]], the [[subject]] of a proposition is that [[about]] which something is predicated, and is also opposed to the "[[object]]."<ref>{{L}} "[[Works of Jacques Lacan|Proposition du 9 octobre 1967 sur le psychanalyste de l'École]]," 1967, ''[[Scilicet]]'', no. 1 ([[1968]]) p. 19</ref> [[Lacan]] plays on the [[philosophical]] nuances of the latter term to emphasise that his [[concept]] of the [[subject]] concerns those aspects of the [[human]] [[being]] that cannot (or must not) be objectified (reified, reduced to a [[thing]]), nor be studied in an '[[objective]]' way. <blockquote>"What do we call a subject? Quite precisely, what in the [[development]] of objectivation, is [[outside]] of the object."<ref>{{S1}} p. 194</ref></blockquote> =====Language=====References to [[language]] come to dominate [[Lacan]]'s concept of the [[subject]] from the mid-1950s on. He distinguishes the [[subject]] of the [[statement]] from the [[subject]] of the [[enunciation]] to show that because the [[subject]] is essentially a [[speaking]] [[being]] (''[[parlêtre]]''), he is inescapably [[divided]], [[castrated]], [[split]]. In the early 1960s [[Lacan]] defines the [[subject]] as that which is represented by a [[signifier]] for [[another]] [[signifier]]; in other [[words]], the [[subject]] is an effect of [[language]].<ref>{{Ec}} p. 835</ref>. =====Philosophy and Law=====Besides its [[place]] in [[linguistics]] and [[logic]], the term "[[subject]]" also has [[philosophical]] and [[legal]] connotations. In [[philosophical]] [[discourse]], it denotes an [[individual]] [[consciousness|self-consciousness]], whereas in [[legal]] [[discourse]], it denotes a person who is under the [[power]] of another (e.g. a person who is subject to the sovereign). The fact that the term possesses both these meanings means that it perfectly illustrates [[Lacan]]'s [[thesis]] about the determination of [[consciousness]] by the [[symbolic order]]. <blockquote>"The subject is a subject only by virtue of his subjection to the field of the Other."<ref>{{S2}} p. 188</ref></blockquote> The term also functions in [[legal]] [[discourse]] to designate the support of [[action]]; the [[subject]] is one who can be held [[responsibility|responsible]] for his [[act]]s. =====Descartes's ''Cogito''=====The [[philosophical]] connotations of the term are particularly emphasised by [[Lacan]], who [[links]] it with [[Descartes]]'s [[philosophy]] of the ''[[cogito]]'': <blockquote>in the term ''subject'' . . . I am not designating the [[living]] substratum needed by this phenomenon of the subject, nor any sort of substance, nor any being possessing [[knowledge]] in his pathos . . . nor even some incarnated [[logos]], but the [[Cartesian]] subject, who appears at the [[moment]] when [[doubt]] is recognised as [[certainty]].<ref>{{S11}} p. 126</ref></blockquote> =====Subject of the Unconscious=====The fact that the [[symbol]] of the [[subject]], '''S''', is a homophone of the [[Freud]]'s term ''[[Es]]'' ('[[Id]]') illustrates that for [[Lacan]], the true [[subject]] is the [[subject]] of the [[unconscious]]. In 1957 [[Lacan]] strikes through this [[symbol]] to produce the [[symbol]] '''$''', the "[[subject|barred subject]]," thus illustrating the fact that the [[subject]] is essentially [[divided]]. =====See Also====={{See}}* [[Analysand]]* ''[[Cogito]]''||* [[Enunciation]]* [[Ego]]||* [[Language]]* [[Law]]||* [[Linguistics]]* [[Philosophy]]||* [[Split]]* [[Statement]]||* [[Symbol]]* [[Unconscious]]{{Also}} =====References=====<div style="font-size:11px" class="references-small">
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[[Category:Jacques Lacan]][[Category:Subject]]
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[[Category:Psychoanalysis]]
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