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Suffering

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Suffering is the result of a [[feeling ]] of [[alienation ]] and insurmountable [[ambivalence]]; [[being ]] a defensive attitude, its aim is the reduction of [[anxiety]].When Sigmund [[Freud ]] asserts in <i>[[Civilization ]] and Its Discontents</i> (1930a) that "the [[three ]] sources from which our suffering comes" are "our own [[body]]. . . the [[external ]] [[world]]. . . and our relations to [[other ]] men" (pp. 86, 87), he could not make it clearer that [[human ]] suffering opens up the entire field of [[psychopathology]]. The classical medical [[tradition ]] has always sought to [[name ]] the condition that causes the [[patient ]] to suffer, thus to [[satisfy ]] the patient's [[wish ]] for their suffering to be less mysterious. [[Psychoanalysis ]] escapes this preoccupation with diagnosis in that it demonstrates the ubiquity of a suffering that is at once undergone and created by the [[subject]].If suffering marks the entry into the [[treatment]], the orientation of the treatment itself is towards a demonstration of how this suffering is provoked by the [[individual ]] subject, in the name of a [[particular ]] [[search ]] for [[pleasure ]] "in a different [[place]]" (Laplanche, Jean, 1976 [1970], p. 104). Suffering is thus not only the source of the complaint, but also the necessary lever of its own mobilization and even its own transcendence by the treatment.In the tradition of Freud's [[work ]] on "[[Mourning ]] and [[Melancholia]]" (1916-17g [1915]), Melanie [[Klein ]] (1935) treated accession to the depressive [[position ]] as a fecund [[moment ]] in the [[development ]] of the [[child]]'s [[object]]-relationships and the harbinger of the [[processes ]] of [[symbolization]]. The same intimate connection between suffering and [[thought]]-processes informs [[Christian ]] David's [[notion ]] that man is in a [[sense ]] "destined to suffer": "We cannot avoid being permanently confronted by [[separation ]] and [[loss]], by [[absence]], by [[intersubjective ]] and intrapsychic splits whether fantasied or actual.. . . If the [[psyche ]] drew no strength from its own [[division]], it would no [[doubt ]] be unable to tolerate this [[state ]] of affairs for long and would be liable to disintegrate at the first jolt" (1983).[[Interpretation ]] during the treatment depends largely on the effectiveness of a [[process ]] of [[working]]-through, toward the relief of suffering. As arduous as this work may be for those who embark on it, they feel motivated to do so by a wish to live better, even to be "cured." It is by no means certain that insight leads to cure. [[Analysts ]] are only too well aware of the effects of the [[repetition ]] [[compulsion ]] and of primary masochism, only too familiar with [[clinical ]] pictures that lie beyond the reach of the regulatory [[mechanism ]] of the pleasure-[[unpleasure ]] [[principle]]. The "work of the [[negative]]" may even become indistinguishable from what is irreducible or radically unthinkable due to the opacity of suffering—merging, in effect, with what Jean-Bertrand Pontalis (1981) calls the principle of pain, <i>[[jouissance]]</i>, or agony (in the sense of Donald [[Winnicott]]'s "[[primitive ]] agonies" [1974]): "The [[logic ]] of unpleasure/pleasure seems to give way to, or even to be completely overwhelmed by a logic of despair that reduces our logic, that of the primary as much as that of the secondary processes, to despair."
==See Also==
==References==
<references/>
# [[Freud, Sigmund]]. (1916-17g [1915]). Mourning and melancholia. SE, 14: 237-258.
# ——. (1930a). Civilization and its discontents. SE, 21: 57-145.
# Klein, Melanie. (1975). Contribution to the psychogenesis of [[manic-depressive ]] states. In [[Love]], [[guilt ]] and reparation and other works, 1921-1945 (The writings of [[Melanie Klein]], vol. 1), [[London]]: Hogarth/Institute of [[Psycho]]-[[Analysis]]]]
* [[New York: Delacorte/Seymour Lawrence. (Original work published 1935)
# Laplanche, Jean. (1976 [1970]). Life and death in psychoanalysis. (Jeffrey Mehlman, Trans.) Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
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