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Suggestion

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{{Les termes}}"[[suggestion ]]" ([[Fr]]. ''[[suggestion]]'') In nineteenth-century French psychiatry, the
term 'suggestion' referred to the use of hypnosis to remove neurotic--
In nineteenth-century French psychiatry, the term "[[suggestion]]" referred to the use of hypnosis to remove [[neurotic]] [[symptoms]]; while the [[patient ]] was in a state of hypnosis, the doctor would"[[suggest]]" that the [[symptom]]s would disappear.
'suggest' that the symptoms would disappear. Taking his cue from the Frenchpsychiatrists Charcot and Bernheim, [[Freud]] began using [[suggestion]] to treat [[neurotic]] [[patient]]s in the 1880s.
psychiatrists Charcot and BernheimHowever, Freud began using he became increasingly dissatisfied with [[suggestion ]], and thus came to treatabandon [[hypnosis]] and develop [[psychoanalysis]].
neurotic patients in The reasons for [[Freud]]'s dissatisfaction with [[hypnosis]] are hence fundamental for understanding the 1880sspecific nature of [[psychoanalysis]]. However, he became increasingly dissatisfied
with suggestionHowever, and thus came it is beyond the scope of this article to abandon hypnosis and develop psycho-enter into a detailed discussion of these reasons.
analysis. The reasons for Suffice it to say that in [[Freud]]'s dissatisfaction later work the term "[[suggestion]]" comes to represent a whole set of ideas which [[Freud]] associates with hypnosis are henceand which is thus diametrically opposed to [[psychoanalysis]].
fundamental for understanding the specific nature of psychoanalysis. How--
everFollowing [[Freud]], it is beyond [[Lacan]] uses the scope term "[[suggestion]]" to designate a whole range of this article deviations from true [[psychoanalysis]] (deviations which [[Lacan]] also refers to enter into a detailed discussion as "[[psychotherapy]]"), ofwhich the following are perhaps the most salient:
these reasons. Suffice it to say that in Freud's later work the term 'suggestion'--
comes to represent a whole set 1. [[Suggestion]] includes the idea of ideas which Freud associates with hypnosisdirecting the [[patient]] towards some [[ideal]] or some [[moral]] value.
and which In opposition to this, [[Lacan]] reminds [[analysts]] that their task is thus diametrically opposed to psychoanalysisdirect the [[treatment]], not the [[patient]].<ref>{{E}} p.227</ref>
Following Freud, [[Lacan uses the term 'suggestion' ]] is opposed to designate any conception of [[psychoanalysis]] as a wholenormative process of social influence.
range of deviations from true psychoanalysis (deviations which Lacan also--
refers to 2. [[Suggestion]] also arises when the [[patient]]'s [[resistance]] is seen as 'psychotherapy'), of which the following are perhaps something that must be liquidated by the most[[analyst]].
salient:Such a view is completely foreign to [[psychoanalysis]], argues [[Lacan]], since the [[analyst]] recognises that a certain residue of [[resistance]] is inherent in the [[structure]] of the [[treatment]].
1. Suggestion includes the idea of directing the patient towards some ideal or
some moral value (see ETHIcs). In opposition to this, Lacan reminds analysts--
that their task is to direct the treatment, not the patient (E, 227). Lacan is
opposed to any conception 3. In [[suggestion]], the [[interpretation]]s of psychoanalysis as a normative process of socialthe therapist are orientated around [[signification]], whereas the [[analyst]] orientates his [[interpretation]]s around meaning (''sens'') and its correlate, nonsense.
influenceThus whereas in [[psychotherapy]] there is an attempt to avoid the ambiguity and equivocation of [[discourse]], it is precisely this ambiguity which [[psychoanalysis]] thrives on.
2. Suggestion also arises when the patient'S RESISTANCE is seen as something---
that must be liquidated by the analyst[[Suggestion]] has a close relation with [[transference]]. Such a view is completely foreign to<ref>{{E}} p.270</ref>
psychoanalysis, argues Lacan, since If [[transference]] involves the [[analysand]] attributing [[knowledge]] to the [[analyst recognises that ]], [[suggestion]] refers to a certainparticular way of responding to this attribution.
residue [[Lacan]] argues that the [[analyst]] must realise that he only occupies the position of resistance one who is inherent in presumed (by the structure of [[analysand]]) to know, without fooling himself that he really does possess the treatment[[knowledge]] attributed to him.
3. In suggestionthis way, the interpretations [[analyst]] is able to transform the [[transference]] into "an analysis of the therapist are orientated aroundsuggestion."<ref>{{E}} p.271</ref>
signification[[Suggestion]], whereas on the other hand, arises when the [[analyst orientates his interpretations around meaning]] assumes the position of one who really does know.
(sens) and its correlate, nonsense. Thus whereas in psychotherapy there is an
attempt to avoid the ambiguity and equivocation of discourse, it is precisely----
this ambiguity which psychoanalysis thrives on.
Suggestion has a close relation with TRANSFERENCE (ELike [[Freud]], 270)[[Lacan]] sees [[hypnosis]] as the model of [[suggestion]]. If transference
involves In ''[[Group Psychology and the analysand attributing knowledge to Analysis of the analystEgo]]'', suggestion refers[[Freud]] shows how hypnotism makes the [[object]] converge with the [[ego-ideal]].<ref>Freud, 1921</ref>
to a particular way of responding to To put this attribution. in [[Lacan argues that ]]ian terms, [[hypnotism]] involves the convergence of the [[object]] ''a'' and theI.
analyst must realise that he only occupies [[Psychoanalysis]] involves exactly the position opposite, since "the fundamental mainspring of one who the analytic operation is presumedthe maintenance of the distance between I - identification - and the ''a''."<ref>{{S11}} p.273</ref>.
(by the analysand) to know, without fooling himself that he really does possess  the knowledge attributed to him. In this way, the analyst is able to transform  the transference into 'an analysis of suggestion' (E, 271). Suggestion, on the  other hand, arises when the analyst assumes the position of one who really  does know.  Like Freud, Lacan sees hypnosis as the model of suggestion. In Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego, Freud shows how hypnotism makes  the object converge with the ego-ideal (Freud, 1921). To put this in Lacanian{{Les termes}}
terms, hypnotism involves the convergence of the object a and the I. Psycho-
analysis involves exactly the opposite, since 'the fundamental mainspring of==See also==* [[Resistance]]* [[Transference]]
the analytic operation is the maintenance of the distance between I - identi-==References==<references/>
fication - and the a' (S11, 273).[[Category:Imaginary]][[Category:Jacques Lacan]][[Category:Psychoanalysis]][[Category:Concepts]][[Category:Treatment]]
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