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==Sigmund Freud==
Taking his cue from the French psychiatrists Charcot and Bernheim, [[Freud]] began using [[suggestion]] to treat [[neurotic]] [[patient]]s in the 1880s.
==Treatment==
However, he became increasingly dissatisfied with [[suggestion]], and thus came to abandon [[hypnosis]] and develop [[psychoanalysis]].
However, it is beyond the scope of this article to enter into a detailed discussion of these reasons.
==Psychoanalysis==
Suffice it to say that in [[Freud]]'s later work the term "[[suggestion]]" comes to represent a whole set of ideas which [[Freud]] associates with hypnosis and which is thus diametrically opposed to [[psychoanalysis]].
Following [[Freud]], [[Lacan]] uses the term "[[suggestion]]" to designate a whole range of deviations from true [[psychoanalysis]] (deviations which [[Lacan]] also refers to as "[[psychotherapy]]"), of which the following are perhaps the most salient:
===Resistance to Treatment===
:2. [[Suggestion]] also arises when the [[patient]]'s [[resistance]] is seen as something that must be liquidated by the [[analyst]].
:Such a view is completely foreign to [[psychoanalysis]], argues [[Lacan]], since the [[analyst]] recognizes that a certain residue of [[resistance]] is inherent in the [[structure]] of the [[treatment]].
===Interpretation, Signification and Meaning===:3. In [[suggestion]], the [[interpretation]]s of the therapist are orientated around [[signification]], whereas the [[analyst]] orientates his [[interpretation]]s around [[meaning ]] (''[[meaning|sens]]'') and its correlate, [[meaning|nonsense]]. :Thus whereas in [[psychotherapy]] there is an attempt to avoid the ambiguity and equivocation of [[discourse]], it is precisely this ambiguity which [[psychoanalysis]] thrives on.
If [[transference]] involves the [[analysand]] attributing [[knowledge]] to the [[analyst]], [[suggestion]] refers to a particular way of responding to this attribution.
==Position of the Analyst==[[Lacan]] argues that the [[analyst]] must realise realize that he only occupies the position of one who is presumed (by the [[analysand]]) to know, without fooling himself that he really does possess the [[knowledge]] attributed to him.
In this way, the [[analyst]] is able to transform the [[transference]] into "an analysis of suggestion."<ref>{{E}} p.271</ref>
[[Suggestion]], on the other hand, arises when the [[analyst]] assumes the position of one who really does know.
Like [[Freud]], [[Lacan]] sees [[hypnosis]] as the model of [[suggestion]].
In ''[[Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego]]'', [[Freud]] shows how hypnotism makes the [[object]] converge with the [[ego-ideal]].<ref>{{F}} ''[[Works of Sigmund Freud|Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego]]'', 1921. [[SE]] XVIII, 69.</ref>
To put this in [[Lacan]]ian terms, [[hypnotism]] involves the convergence of the [[object]] ''a'' and the I.
[[Psychoanalysis]] involves exactly the opposite, since "the fundamental mainspring of the analytic operation is the maintenance of the distance between I - identification - and the ''a''."<ref>{{S11}} p.273</ref>. {{Les termes}}
==See also==
{{See}}
* [[Analysand]]
* [[Analyst]]
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* [[Interpretation]]
* [[Knowledge]]
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* [[Progress]]
* [[Resistance]]
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* [[Signification]]
* [[Structure]]
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* [[Transference]]
* [[Treatment]]
{{Also}}
==References==
[[Category:Concepts]]
[[Category:Treatment]]
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