Difference between revisions of "Suggestion"
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| − | + | {{Top}}suggest|suggestion{{Bottom}} | |
| − | + | ==Psychiatric Definition== | |
| − | + | In nineteenth-century [[French]] [[psychiatry]], the term "[[suggestion]]" referred to the use of hypnosis to remove [[neurotic]] [[symptoms]]; while the [[patient]] was in a [[state]] of hypnosis, the doctor would "[[suggest]]" that the [[symptom]]s would [[disappear]]. | |
| − | In nineteenth-century French psychiatry, the term "[[suggestion]]" referred to the | ||
| + | ==Sigmund Freud== | ||
Taking his cue from the French psychiatrists Charcot and Bernheim, [[Freud]] began using [[suggestion]] to treat [[neurotic]] [[patient]]s in the 1880s. | Taking his cue from the French psychiatrists Charcot and Bernheim, [[Freud]] began using [[suggestion]] to treat [[neurotic]] [[patient]]s in the 1880s. | ||
| + | ==Treatment== | ||
However, he became increasingly dissatisfied with [[suggestion]], and thus came to abandon [[hypnosis]] and develop [[psychoanalysis]]. | However, he became increasingly dissatisfied with [[suggestion]], and thus came to abandon [[hypnosis]] and develop [[psychoanalysis]]. | ||
| − | The reasons for [[Freud]]'s dissatisfaction with [[hypnosis]] are hence fundamental for | + | The reasons for [[Freud]]'s [[dissatisfaction]] with [[hypnosis]] are hence fundamental for [[understanding]] the specific [[nature]] of [[psychoanalysis]]. |
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| − | + | However, it is beyond the scope of this article to enter into a detailed [[discussion]] of these reasons. | |
| − | + | ==Psychoanalysis== | |
| + | Suffice it to say that in [[Freud]]'s later [[work]] the term "[[suggestion]]" comes to [[represent]] a [[whole]] set of [[ideas]] which [[Freud]] associates with hypnosis and which is thus diametrically opposed to [[psychoanalysis]]. | ||
| + | ==Jacques Lacan== | ||
| + | Following [[Freud]], [[Lacan]] uses the term "[[suggestion]]" to designate a whole range of deviations from [[true]] [[psychoanalysis]] (deviations which [[Lacan]] also refers to as "[[psychotherapy]]"), of which the following are perhaps the most salient: | ||
| − | + | ===Direction Toward Moral Value=== | |
| + | :1. [[Suggestion]] includes the [[idea]] of directing the [[patient]] towards some [[ideal]] or some [[moral]] [[value]]. | ||
| + | : In opposition to this, [[Lacan]] reminds [[analysts]] that their task is to direct the [[treatment]], not the [[patient]].<ref>{{E}} p.227</ref> | ||
| + | :[[Lacan]] is opposed to any conception of [[psychoanalysis]] as a [[normative]] [[process]] of [[social]] influence. | ||
| + | ===Resistance to Treatment=== | ||
| + | :2. [[Suggestion]] also arises when the [[patient]]'s [[resistance]] is seen as something that must be liquidated by the [[analyst]]. | ||
| + | :Such a view is completely foreign to [[psychoanalysis]], argues [[Lacan]], since the [[analyst]] recognizes that a certain residue of [[resistance]] is inherent in the [[structure]] of the [[treatment]]. | ||
| − | 3. In [[suggestion]], the [[interpretation]]s of the therapist are orientated around [[signification]], whereas the [[analyst]] orientates his [[interpretation]]s around meaning (''sens'') and its correlate, nonsense. | + | ===Interpretation, Signification and Meaning=== |
| + | :3. In [[suggestion]], the [[interpretation]]s of the therapist are orientated around [[signification]], whereas the [[analyst]] orientates his [[interpretation]]s around [[meaning]] (''[[meaning|sens]]'') and its correlate, [[meaning|nonsense]]. | ||
| + | :Thus whereas in [[psychotherapy]] there is an attempt to avoid the ambiguity and equivocation of [[discourse]], it is precisely this ambiguity which [[psychoanalysis]] thrives on. | ||
| − | + | ==Transference== | |
| + | [[Suggestion]] has a close relation with [[transference]].<ref>{{E}} p. 270</ref> | ||
| − | + | If [[transference]] involves the [[analysand]] attributing [[knowledge]] to the [[analyst]], [[suggestion]] refers to a [[particular]] way of responding to this [[attribution]]. | |
| − | [[ | + | ==Position of the Analyst== |
| + | [[Lacan]] argues that the [[analyst]] must realize that he only occupies the [[position]] of one who is presumed (by the [[analysand]]) to [[know]], without fooling himself that he really does possess the [[knowledge]] attributed to him. | ||
| − | + | In this way, the [[analyst]] is able to transform the [[transference]] into "an [[analysis]] of suggestion."<ref>{{E}} p.271</ref> | |
| − | [[ | + | [[Suggestion]], on the [[other]] hand, arises when the [[analyst]] assumes the position of one who really does know. |
| − | + | ==Hypnosis and Psychoanalysis== | |
| + | Like [[Freud]], [[Lacan]] sees [[hypnosis]] as the [[model]] of [[suggestion]]. | ||
| − | [[ | + | In ''[[Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego]]'', [[Freud]] shows how hypnotism makes the [[object]] converge with the [[ego-ideal]].<ref>{{F}} ''[[Works of Sigmund Freud|Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego]]'', 1921. [[SE]] XVIII, 69.</ref> |
| + | To put this in [[Lacan]]ian [[terms]], [[hypnotism]] involves the convergence of the [[object]] ''a'' and the I. | ||
| − | + | [[Psychoanalysis]] involves exactly the opposite, since "the fundamental mainspring of the [[analytic]] operation is the maintenance of the distance between I - [[identification]] - and the ''a''."<ref>{{S11}} p. 273</ref>. | |
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| − | [[Psychoanalysis]] involves exactly the opposite, since "the fundamental mainspring of the analytic operation is the maintenance of the distance between I - identification - and the ''a''."<ref>{{S11}} p.273</ref>. | ||
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==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| + | {{See}} | ||
| + | * [[Analysand]] | ||
| + | * [[Analyst]] | ||
| + | || | ||
| + | * [[Interpretation]] | ||
| + | * [[Knowledge]] | ||
| + | || | ||
| + | * [[Progress]] | ||
* [[Resistance]] | * [[Resistance]] | ||
| + | || | ||
| + | * [[Signification]] | ||
| + | * [[Structure]] | ||
| + | || | ||
* [[Transference]] | * [[Transference]] | ||
| + | * [[Treatment]] | ||
| + | {{Also}} | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
| + | <div style="font-size:11px" class="references-small"> | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
| + | </div> | ||
[[Category:Imaginary]] | [[Category:Imaginary]] | ||
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[[Category:Concepts]] | [[Category:Concepts]] | ||
[[Category:Treatment]] | [[Category:Treatment]] | ||
| + | {{OK}} | ||
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| + | __NOTOC__ | ||
Latest revision as of 00:05, 21 May 2019
| French: suggestion |
Psychiatric Definition
In nineteenth-century French psychiatry, the term "suggestion" referred to the use of hypnosis to remove neurotic symptoms; while the patient was in a state of hypnosis, the doctor would "suggest" that the symptoms would disappear.
Sigmund Freud
Taking his cue from the French psychiatrists Charcot and Bernheim, Freud began using suggestion to treat neurotic patients in the 1880s.
Treatment
However, he became increasingly dissatisfied with suggestion, and thus came to abandon hypnosis and develop psychoanalysis.
The reasons for Freud's dissatisfaction with hypnosis are hence fundamental for understanding the specific nature of psychoanalysis.
However, it is beyond the scope of this article to enter into a detailed discussion of these reasons.
Psychoanalysis
Suffice it to say that in Freud's later work the term "suggestion" comes to represent a whole set of ideas which Freud associates with hypnosis and which is thus diametrically opposed to psychoanalysis.
Jacques Lacan
Following Freud, Lacan uses the term "suggestion" to designate a whole range of deviations from true psychoanalysis (deviations which Lacan also refers to as "psychotherapy"), of which the following are perhaps the most salient:
Direction Toward Moral Value
- 1. Suggestion includes the idea of directing the patient towards some ideal or some moral value.
- In opposition to this, Lacan reminds analysts that their task is to direct the treatment, not the patient.[1]
- Lacan is opposed to any conception of psychoanalysis as a normative process of social influence.
Resistance to Treatment
- 2. Suggestion also arises when the patient's resistance is seen as something that must be liquidated by the analyst.
- Such a view is completely foreign to psychoanalysis, argues Lacan, since the analyst recognizes that a certain residue of resistance is inherent in the structure of the treatment.
Interpretation, Signification and Meaning
- 3. In suggestion, the interpretations of the therapist are orientated around signification, whereas the analyst orientates his interpretations around meaning (sens) and its correlate, nonsense.
- Thus whereas in psychotherapy there is an attempt to avoid the ambiguity and equivocation of discourse, it is precisely this ambiguity which psychoanalysis thrives on.
Transference
Suggestion has a close relation with transference.[2]
If transference involves the analysand attributing knowledge to the analyst, suggestion refers to a particular way of responding to this attribution.
Position of the Analyst
Lacan argues that the analyst must realize that he only occupies the position of one who is presumed (by the analysand) to know, without fooling himself that he really does possess the knowledge attributed to him.
In this way, the analyst is able to transform the transference into "an analysis of suggestion."[3]
Suggestion, on the other hand, arises when the analyst assumes the position of one who really does know.
Hypnosis and Psychoanalysis
Like Freud, Lacan sees hypnosis as the model of suggestion.
In Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego, Freud shows how hypnotism makes the object converge with the ego-ideal.[4]
To put this in Lacanian terms, hypnotism involves the convergence of the object a and the I.
Psychoanalysis involves exactly the opposite, since "the fundamental mainspring of the analytic operation is the maintenance of the distance between I - identification - and the a."[5].
See also
References
- ↑ Lacan, Jacques. Écrits: A Selection. Trans. Alan Sheridan. London: Tavistock Publications, 1977. p.227
- ↑ Lacan, Jacques. Écrits: A Selection. Trans. Alan Sheridan. London: Tavistock Publications, 1977. p. 270
- ↑ Lacan, Jacques. Écrits: A Selection. Trans. Alan Sheridan. London: Tavistock Publications, 1977. p.271
- ↑ Freud, Sigmund. Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego, 1921. SE XVIII, 69.
- ↑ Lacan, Jacques. The Seminar. Book XI. The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis, 1964. Trans. Alan Sheridan. London: Hogarth Press and Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1977. p. 273
