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{{Top}}suggest|suggestion (suggestion) In nineteenth-century French psychiatry, the{{Bottom}}
==Psychiatric Definition==In nineteenth-century [[French]] [[psychiatry]], the term '"[[suggestion' ]]" referred to the use of hypnosis to remove [[neurotic]] [[symptoms]]; while the [[patient]] was in a [[state]] of hypnosis, the doctor would "[[suggest]]" that the [[symptom]]s would [[disappear]].
symptoms; while ==Sigmund Freud==Taking his cue from the French psychiatrists Charcot and Bernheim, [[Freud]] began using [[suggestion]] to treat [[neurotic]] [[patient was ]]s in a state of hypnosis, the doctor would1880s.
'suggest' that the symptoms would disappear==Treatment==However, he became increasingly dissatisfied with [[suggestion]], and thus came to abandon [[hypnosis]] and develop [[psychoanalysis]]. Taking his cue from the French
psychiatrists Charcot and Bernheim, The reasons for [[Freud began using suggestion to treat]]'s [[dissatisfaction]] with [[hypnosis]] are hence fundamental for [[understanding]] the specific [[nature]] of [[psychoanalysis]].
neurotic patients in However, it is beyond the 1880sscope of this article to enter into a detailed [[discussion]] of these reasons. However, he became increasingly dissatisfied
==Psychoanalysis==Suffice it to say that in [[Freud]]'s later [[work]] the term "[[suggestion]]" comes to [[represent]] a [[whole]] set of [[ideas]] which [[Freud]] associates with suggestion, hypnosis and which is thus came diametrically opposed to abandon hypnosis and develop psycho-[[psychoanalysis]].
analysis. The reasons for ==Jacques Lacan==Following [[Freud's dissatisfaction with hypnosis ]], [[Lacan]] uses the term "[[suggestion]]" to designate a whole range of deviations from [[true]] [[psychoanalysis]] (deviations which [[Lacan]] also refers to as "[[psychotherapy]]"), of which the following are henceperhaps the most salient:
fundamental for understanding ===Direction Toward Moral Value===:1. [[Suggestion]] includes the specific nature [[idea]] of directing the [[patient]] towards some [[ideal]] or some [[moral]] [[value]]. : In opposition to this, [[Lacan]] reminds [[analysts]] that their task is to direct the [[treatment]], not the [[patient]].<ref>{{E}} p.227</ref>:[[Lacan]] is opposed to any conception of [[psychoanalysis]] as a [[normative]] [[process]] of [[social]] influence. How-
ever, it ===Resistance to Treatment===:2. [[Suggestion]] also arises when the [[patient]]'s [[resistance]] is beyond seen as something that must be liquidated by the scope of this article [[analyst]]. :Such a view is completely foreign to enter into [[psychoanalysis]], argues [[Lacan]], since the [[analyst]] recognizes that a detailed discussion certain residue of [[resistance]] is inherent in the [[structure]] ofthe [[treatment]].
these reasons===Interpretation, Signification and Meaning===:3. Suffice it to say that in Freud'In [[suggestion]], the [[interpretation]]s later work of the therapist are orientated around [[signification]], whereas the term [[analyst]] orientates his [[interpretation]]s around [[meaning]] (''[[meaning|sens]]'suggestion') and its correlate, [[meaning|nonsense]]. :Thus whereas in [[psychotherapy]] there is an attempt to avoid the ambiguity and equivocation of [[discourse]], it is precisely this ambiguity which [[psychoanalysis]] thrives on.
comes to represent ==Transference==[[Suggestion]] has a whole set of ideas which Freud associates close relation with hypnosis[[transference]].<ref>{{E}} p. 270</ref>
and which is thus diametrically opposed If [[transference]] involves the [[analysand]] attributing [[knowledge]] to psychoanalysisthe [[analyst]], [[suggestion]] refers to a [[particular]] way of responding to this [[attribution]].
Following Freud==Position of the Analyst==[[Lacan]] argues that the [[analyst]] must realize that he only occupies the [[position]] of one who is presumed (by the [[analysand]]) to [[know]], Lacan uses without fooling himself that he really does possess the term 'suggestion' [[knowledge]] attributed to designate a wholehim.
range In this way, the [[analyst]] is able to transform the [[transference]] into "an [[analysis]] of deviations from true psychoanalysis (deviations which Lacan alsosuggestion."<ref>{{E}} p.271</ref>
refers to as 'psychotherapy')[[Suggestion]], of which on the [[other]] hand, arises when the following are perhaps [[analyst]] assumes the mostposition of one who really does know.
salient:==Hypnosis and Psychoanalysis==Like [[Freud]], [[Lacan]] sees [[hypnosis]] as the [[model]] of [[suggestion]].
1In ''[[Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego]]'', [[Freud]] shows how hypnotism makes the [[object]] converge with the [[ego-ideal]]. Suggestion includes <ref>{{F}} ''[[Works of Sigmund Freud|Group Psychology and the idea Analysis of directing the patient towards some ideal orEgo]]'', 1921. [[SE]] XVIII, 69.</ref>
some moral value (see ETHIcs). In opposition to To put thisin [[Lacan]]ian [[terms]], Lacan reminds analysts[[hypnotism]] involves the convergence of the [[object]] ''a'' and the I.
that their task [[Psychoanalysis]] involves exactly the opposite, since "the fundamental mainspring of the [[analytic]] operation is to direct the treatment, not maintenance of the distance between I - [[identification]] - and the patient (E, 227)''a''."<ref>{{S11}} p. 273</ref>. Lacan is
opposed to any conception of psychoanalysis as a normative process of social==See also=={{See}}* [[Analysand]]* [[Analyst]]||* [[Interpretation]]* [[Knowledge]]||* [[Progress]]* [[Resistance]]||* [[Signification]]* [[Structure]]||* [[Transference]]* [[Treatment]]{{Also}}
influence.==References==<div style="font-size:11px" class="references-small"><references/></div>
2. Suggestion also arises when the patient'S RESISTANCE is seen as something[[Category:Imaginary]][[Category:Jacques Lacan]][[Category:Dictionary]][[Category:Psychoanalysis]][[Category:Concepts]][[Category:Treatment]]{{OK}}
that must be liquidated by the analyst. Such a view is completely foreign to psychoanalysis, argues Lacan, since the analyst recognises that a certain residue of resistance is inherent in the structure of the treatment.  3. In suggestion, the interpretations of the therapist are orientated around signification, whereas the analyst orientates his interpretations around meaning (sens) and its correlate, nonsense. Thus whereas in psychotherapy there is an attempt to avoid the ambiguity and equivocation of discourse, it is precisely this ambiguity which psychoanalysis thrives on.  Suggestion has a close relation with TRANSFERENCE (E, 270). If transference  involves the analysand attributing knowledge to the analyst, suggestion refers  to a particular way of responding to this attribution. Lacan argues that the analyst must realise that he only occupies the position of one who is presumed (by the analysand) to know, without fooling himself that he really does possess  the knowledge attributed to him. In this way, the analyst is able to transform  the transference into 'an analysis of suggestion' (E, 271). Suggestion, on the  other hand, arises when the analyst assumes the position of one who really  does know.  Like Freud, Lacan sees hypnosis as the model of suggestion. In Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego, Freud shows how hypnotism makes  the object converge with the ego-ideal (Freud, 1921). To put this in Lacanian  terms, hypnotism involves the convergence of the object a and the I. Psycho- analysis involves exactly the opposite, since 'the fundamental mainspring of  the analytic operation is the maintenance of the distance between I - identi-  fication - and the a' (S11, 273).__NOTOC__
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