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==Psychiatric Definition==
In nineteenth-century [[French ]] [[psychiatry]], the term "[[suggestion]]" referred to the use of hypnosis to remove [[neurotic]] [[symptoms]]; while the [[patient]] was in a [[state ]] of hypnosis, the doctor would "[[suggest]]" that the [[symptom]]s would [[disappear]].
==Sigmund Freud==
However, he became increasingly dissatisfied with [[suggestion]], and thus came to abandon [[hypnosis]] and develop [[psychoanalysis]].
The reasons for [[Freud]]'s [[dissatisfaction ]] with [[hypnosis]] are hence fundamental for [[understanding ]] the specific [[nature ]] of [[psychoanalysis]].
However, it is beyond the scope of this article to enter into a detailed [[discussion ]] of these reasons.
==Psychoanalysis==
Suffice it to say that in [[Freud]]'s later [[work ]] the term "[[suggestion]]" comes to [[represent ]] a [[whole ]] set of [[ideas ]] which [[Freud]] associates with hypnosis and which is thus diametrically opposed to [[psychoanalysis]].
==Jacques Lacan==
Following [[Freud]], [[Lacan]] uses the term "[[suggestion]]" to designate a whole range of deviations from [[true ]] [[psychoanalysis]] (deviations which [[Lacan]] also refers to as "[[psychotherapy]]"), of which the following are perhaps the most salient:
===Direction Toward Moral Value===
:1. [[Suggestion]] includes the [[idea ]] of directing the [[patient]] towards some [[ideal]] or some [[moral]] [[value]].
: In opposition to this, [[Lacan]] reminds [[analysts]] that their task is to direct the [[treatment]], not the [[patient]].<ref>{{E}} p.227</ref>
:[[Lacan]] is opposed to any conception of [[psychoanalysis]] as a [[normative ]] [[process ]] of [[social ]] influence.
===Resistance to Treatment===
[[Suggestion]] has a close relation with [[transference]].<ref>{{E}} p. 270</ref>
If [[transference]] involves the [[analysand]] attributing [[knowledge]] to the [[analyst]], [[suggestion]] refers to a [[particular ]] way of responding to this [[attribution]].
==Position of the Analyst==
[[Lacan]] argues that the [[analyst]] must realize that he only occupies the [[position ]] of one who is presumed (by the [[analysand]]) to [[know]], without fooling himself that he really does possess the [[knowledge]] attributed to him.
In this way, the [[analyst]] is able to transform the [[transference]] into "an [[analysis ]] of suggestion."<ref>{{E}} p.271</ref>
[[Suggestion]], on the [[other ]] hand, arises when the [[analyst]] assumes the position of one who really does know.
==Hypnosis and Psychoanalysis==
Like [[Freud]], [[Lacan]] sees [[hypnosis]] as the [[model ]] of [[suggestion]].
In ''[[Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego]]'', [[Freud]] shows how hypnotism makes the [[object]] converge with the [[ego-ideal]].<ref>{{F}} ''[[Works of Sigmund Freud|Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego]]'', 1921. [[SE]] XVIII, 69.</ref>
To put this in [[Lacan]]ian [[terms]], [[hypnotism]] involves the convergence of the [[object]] ''a'' and the I.
[[Psychoanalysis]] involves exactly the opposite, since "the fundamental mainspring of the [[analytic ]] operation is the maintenance of the distance between I - [[identification ]] - and the ''a''."<ref>{{S11}} p. 273</ref>.
==See also==
